Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (October 24, 1932 in Paris – May 18, 2007 in Orsay) was a French physicist and the Nobel Prize for Physics laureate in 1991.

The Washington Star, previously known as the Washington Star-News and the Washington Evening Star, was a daily afternoon newspaper published in Washington, D.C. between 1852 and 1981. For most of that time it was the city's newspaper of record, and it was the longtime home to columnist Mary McGrory and cartoonist Clifford K. Berryman. On August 7, 1981, after 130 years, the Washington Star ceased publication. In the bankruptcy sale, the Washington Post purchased the land and buildings owned by the Star, including its printing presses.

Final years

1944: Clifford K. Berryman, for Editorial Cartooning, "Where Is the Boat Going?"
1950: James T. Berryman, Editorial Cartooning, for "All Set for a Super-Secret Session in Washington."
1958: George Beveridge, Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting, for "Metro, City of Tomorrow."
1959: Mary Lu Werner, Puliltzer Prize for Local Reporting, "For her comprehensive year-long coverage of the (school) integration crisis."
1960: Miriam Ottenberg, Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting, "For a series of seven articles exposing a used-car racket in Washington, D.C., that victimized many unwary buyers."
1966: Haynes Johnson, for National Reporting, for his distinguished coverage of the civil rights conflict centered about Selma, Alabama, and particularly his reporting of its aftermath.
1974: James R. Polk, National Reporting, for his disclosure of alleged irregularities in the financing of the campaign to re-elect President Nixon in 1972.
1975: Mary McGrory, Commentary, for her commentary on public affairs during 1974.
1979: Edwin M. Yoder Jr., Editorial Writing.
1981: Jonathan Yardley, Criticism, for book reviews.

Soleil Moon Frye (born August 6, 1976 in Glendora, California) is a U.S. actress and director. Frye is best known for her childhood role as the title character in Punky Brewster, a television sitcom.
Frye's father is Virgil Frye, and her mother is Sondra Peluce Londy. She has two half-brothers, Sean Frye and Meeno Peluce. "Soleil" (IPA pronunciation: [səʊleɪ]) is French for the sun.

Punky Brewster
Around the same time she was starring in Punky Brewster, Frye's voice was also heard in one episode of The Real Ghostbusters.
She co-starred alongside Sarah Chalke in I've Been Waiting For You, loosely based on the novel Gallows Hill by Lois Duncan.
She played Robin, a stuck-up girl, in a 4th season episode of Saved by the Bell. In 1990, she also played a romantic interest, Mimi Detweiler, to Fred Savage's character in an episode of The Wonder Years.
Frye appeared in Sabrina, the Teenage Witch as Roxy for the final three years of the show's run (2000 - 2003). The show starred Melissa Joan Hart, who had auditioned for the part of Punky Brewster years before. Frye once auditioned for the series Charmed, a dramedy about a trio of witch sisters.
She also guest-starred as Katie in the series Friends in the episode 'The One with the Girl who Hits Joey'.
In 2001, she debuted on the Disney Channel show The Proud Family as a voice talent. She is currently voicing the character of Jade in the Bratz animated series.

Other television roles
Before winning the role of Punky Brewster she appeared in a few made for TV films. As a child, Frye starred in the Disney film You Ruined My Life playing the spoiled, unruly girl who lives in a Las Vegas casino with her uncle.
During her late teens and early adult years, Frye made appearances in several low-budget and independent films, including The Saint Tammany Miracle.
She was one of the youngest directors in Hollywood history, directing Wild Horses while only twenty-two years old. Frye also directed and starred in a documentary, Sonny Boy, which documents her father's battle with Pick's Disease, and a cross-country journey the pair took to her father's hometown.

In Welsh mythology, Blodeuwedd or Blodeuedd, (Middle Welsh composite name from blodeu 'flowers, blossoms' + gwedd 'face, aspect, appearance': "flower face"), is a woman made from the flowers of broom, meadowsweet and the oak by Math fab Mathonwy and Gwydion to be the wife of Lleu Llaw Gyffes. Her story is part of the Fourth Branch of the Mabinogi, the tale of Math son of Mathonwy.
Lleu Llaw Gyffes has been placed under three curses by his mother Arianrhod; the last of these dictates that he will never have a human wife. King Math and Lleu's uncle Gwydion create Blodeuwedd from flowers and she marries Lleu.
Blodeuwedd has an affair with Gronw Pebr and they plot to kill Lleu. Lleu can only be killed under certain conditions, and Blodeuwedd tricks him into telling her what these conditions are. He can not be killed indoors or outdoors, on horseback or on foot; and can be killed only by a spear forged when people are attending mass. Consequently he can only be killed whilst he had one foot on a bathtub and one on a goat (the bathtub being placed on a river bank but under a roof) and by someone using a weapon created as specified.
Under pretence of "Lord, will you show me how these conditions might be fulfilled..?", Blodeuwedd conveys him to precisely this situation, with Gronw lying in wait with the weapon. Lleu is (apparently) killed and Gronw and Blodeuwedd assume power. On hearing of this, Gwydion sets out to find and cure Lleu, who is now in the form of an eagle. Gwydion restores Lleu, who kills Gronw.
Gwydion curses Blodeuwedd, turning her into an owl. "You are never to show your face to the light of day, rather you shall fear other birds; they will be hostile to you, and it will be their nature to maul and molest you wherever they find you. You will not lose your name but always be called Blodeuwedd."

Modern literature
This theonym appears to be derived from Proto-Celtic roots *blāto- and *weid-, together meaning 'flower-face' or 'flower-wild'.

Korea may refer to:
Korea may also refer to other places:
Korea, if misspelled, may also refer to:

Korea, civilization and geographical area in Northeast Asia
Korean Peninsula, geographical area in Northeast Asia
North Korea, country, formally known as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
South Korea, country, formally known as the Republic of Korea
Korea District (also spelt Koriya), Chhattisgarh, India
Korea, town in Côte d'Ivoire 6.82N 6.65W
Korea, town in India 23.15N 83.97E
Korea, town in Pakistan 34.42N 72.62E
Korea, town in Puerto Rico 18.38N 65.78W
Korea, town in the Sudan 4.76N 33.60E
Korea, location in Culpeper, Virginia, USA 38.63N 73.01W
Korea, location in Menifee County, Kentucky, USA 37.94N 83.48W
Chorea (dance), ancient Greek dance
Chorea (disease), medical disorder involving involuntary movement
Chick Corea (born 1941), American jazz pianist
Kora, German cocktail, see Calimocho

Professor Sir Ian McColl Kennedy (born 14 September 1941) is a British academic lawyer who has specialised in the law and ethics of health.
Kennedy is Emeritus Professor of Health Law, Ethics and Policy at University College, London. He was the BBC's Reith lecturer (on the subject of "unmasking medicine") in 1980. He chaired the public inquiry into children's heart surgery at the Bristol Royal Infirmary (1998-2001) and has been Chairman of the Healthcare Commission since 2003.
Kennedy was knighted in 2002 for services to medical law and bioethics.

History
The Super Proton Synchrotron (an older ring collider) was used to accelerate electrons and positrons to nearly the speed of light. These are then injected into the ring. As in all ring colliders, the LEP's ring consists of many magnets which force the charged particles into a circular trajectory (so that they stay inside the ring), RF accelerators which accelerate the particles with radio frequency (RF) waves and quadrupoles that focus the particle beam (i.e. keep the particles together). Rather than increasing the particles' velocities (which are already very close to the speed of light), the function of the accelerators is really to increase the particles' energies so that heavy particles can be created when the particles collide. When the particles are accelerated to maximum energy (and focused to so-called bunches), an electron and a positron bunch is made to collide with each other at one of the collision points of the detector. When an electron and a positron collide, they annihilate to a virtual particle, either a photon or a Z boson. The virtual particle almost immediately decays into other elementary particles, which are then detected by huge particle detectors.

Detectors
The results of the LEP experiments allowed precise values of many quantities of the Standard Model—most importantly the mass of the Z boson and the W boson (which were discovered in 1983 at an earlier CERN collider) to be obtained—and so confirm the Model and put it on a solid basis of empirical data.
Dr. Bagger on precision and the mass of the Z boson at CERN: "The experimenters found that the Z boson got heavier at certain times of the day. This was a very high-precision experiment. They discovered that the patterns of the particle getting heavier corresponded to the tides. The gravitational adjustments due to tides slightly changed the shape of the collider over the course of the day. After adjusting for tidal effects, they found that the Z boson was heavier in spring and lighter in fall. This was because there's a lake in Geneva near the detector, that is drained in Fall to make room for the spring snow-melt. So the bigger lake in the Spring was making the particle heavier. After correcting for both of these factors, they found that the particle got suddenly heavier multiple times during the day, at the same times. This was because a train runs near the detector whose electromagnetic fields were disturbing the experiment. This is how precise the experiment was."
Precision measurements of the shape of the Z boson mass peak constrained the number of light neutrinos in the standard model to exactly three. Near the end of the scheduled run time, data suggested very tentative but inconclusive hints that the Higgs particle might have been observed, a sort of Holy Grail of current high-energy physics. The run-time was extended for a few months, to no avail.

The United States Department of Labor is a Cabinet department of the United States government responsible for occupational safety, wage and hour standards, unemployment insurance benefits, re-employment services, and some economic statistics. Many U.S. states also have such departments. The department is headed by the United States Secretary of Labor.

History
Other organizational units within the Department:

Administrative Review Board (ARB)
Benefits Review Board (BRB)
Bureau of International Labor Affairs (ILAB)
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Center for Faith-Based and Community Initiatives (CFBCI)
Employees' Compensation Appeals Board (ECAB)
Employment Standards Administration (ESA)

• Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP)
  The Office of Labor-Management Standards (OLMS)
  Office of Workers' Compensation Programs (OWCP)
  Wage and Hour Division (WHD)
  Employment and Training Administration (ETA)
  Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA)
  Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
  Employee Benefits Security Administration (EBSA)
  Veterans' Employment and Training Service (VETS)
  Women's Bureau (WB)
  Office of Inspector General (OIG)
  Presidential Task Force on Employment of Adults With Disabilities (PTFEAD)
  Office of Administrative Law Judges (OALJ)
  Office of Congressional & Intergovernmental Affairs (OCIA)
  Office of the Assistant Secretary for Administration and Management (OASAM)
  Office of the Assistant Secretary for Policy (OASP)
  Office of the Chief Financial Officer (OCFO)
  Office of the Chief Information Officer (OCIO)
  Office of Disability Employment Policy (ODEP)
  
  

Post Codes were introduced in South Africa in 1975, with the introduction of automated sorting.
South African Post codes consist of four digits. In the case of cities and large towns, the last two digits may indicate the mode of delivery:
The above codes apply only to the central areas of the cities and the main post offices. Groups of suburbs share postal codes for street address and branch post offices have post codes which fall within the number range for that city. Other code ranges are assigned to different parts of the country
The general pattern is: 0000-2999 Northern Region (Gauteng, Mpumalanga, most of North West, Limpopo) 3000-4999 Eastern Region (Kwa Zulu Natal, eastern part of Eastern Cape) 5000-6699 Southern Region (Eastern Cape, eastern parts of Wetsern Cape) 6000-8299 Western Region (Western Cape (Cape Town and West Coast), Northern Cape(Namamqualand)) 8300-9999 Central Region (Northern Cape and Free State) (excluding 9000-9299, which is not used-see below)) These are the main code ranges:
0001-0299 Gauteng - Pretoria/Tshwane 0300-0499 North West - northern part 0500-0698 Limpopo - south and west 0699-0999 Limpopo - north and east 1000-1399 Mpumalanga - Northern half 1400-1699 Gauteng - East Rand / Ekurhuleni Metro 1700-1799 Gauteng - West Rand - Mogale City/Krugersdorp, Roodepoort (now part of Johannesburg) 1800-1999 Gauteng - Soweto and Vereeniging/Vanderbylpark Region (Motsweding) 2000-2199 Gauteng - Johannesburg (original Johannesburg,Randburg,Sandton) 2200-2499 Mpumalanga - southern half 2500-2899 Northwest Province - southern and central 2900-3199 KwaZulu Natal - Northern Kwa Zulu Natal 3200-3299 KwaZulu Natal - Pietermaritzburg and surrounds 3300-3599 KwaZulu Natal - Midlands 2951-2957 3600-3799 KwaZulu Natal - Region between Durban and Pietermaritzburg, including satellite towns, such as Westville. 3800-3999 KwaZulu Natal - Zululand Region (including Richards Bay ) 4000-4099 KwaZulu Natal - Durban / Ethekwini (original area) 4100-4299 KwaZulu Natal - South Coast 4300-4499 KwaZulu Natal - North Coast 4500-4730 KwaZulu Natal - Griqualand East and Umzinkulu 4731-5199 Eastern Cape - Former Transkei 5200-5299 Eastern Cape - East London 5300-5499 Eastern Cape - historical 'Border' region 5500-5999 Eastern Cape - Northern part 6000-6099 Eastern Cape - Port Elizabeth 6100-6499 Eastern Cape - Eastern part 6500-6699 Western Cape - Garden Route and Oudtshoorn area 6700-6899 Western Cape - Klein Karoo 6900-7099 Western Cape - Groot Karoo 7100-7299 Western Cape - Area south-east of Cape Town 7300-7399 Western Cape - West Coast 7400-7599 Western Cape - Northern parts of Cape Metropole 7600-7699 Western Cape - Areas East of Cape Town, such as Stellenbosch 7700-8099 Western Cape - Cape Town and Cape Peninsula 8100-8299 Northern Cape - Namaqualand Region 8300-8799 Northern Cape - Eastern Part 8800-8999 Northern Cape - Gordonia Region 9000-9299 (unused - formerly assigned to the then South West Africa - now Namibia) 9300-9399 Free State - Bloemfontein and surrounds 9400-9699 Free State - Northern Free State 9700-9899 Free State - Eastern Free State 9900-9999 Free State - Southern Free State Note that postal code boundaries do not follow provincial borders exactly, especially since the re-oganisation of provinces in 1994.
Example of Johannesburg suburban codes for street addresses are: 2001 - Central Business District 2090 - Far North East, Alexandria 2091 - Far South (such as Mondeor) 2092 - Western suburbs (such as Melville and Auckland Park) 2093 - Far western suburbs (former 'coloured' townships) 2094 - Eastern suburbs (such as Kensington) 2169 - North West Randburg (such as Randpark Ridge) 2188 - Northern Ranburg (eg Boskruin) 2190 - Southern Suburbs, such as Rosettenville 2191 - Northern Sandton (including Bryanston) 2192 - North Eastern suburbs (such as Sandringham) 2193 - North Central suburbs (eg Greenside, Parktown) 2194 - Randburg (eg Ferndale) 2195 - North West suburbs (including Northcliff) 2196 - Southern Sandton 2197 - South East suburbs (eg Tulisa Park) 2198 - Inner East suburbs (eg Yeoville) A feature of South African postal addresses, also common to Australia, is that it is only necessary to include the suburb, not the city, for example, in the case of Yeoville in Johannesburg:
Note that the code should be placed in front of the suburb/town, or on a new line on its own. The following is also acceptable.
The South African post code system (number range 9000-9299) was also used in Namibia until 1992, when they were withdrawn from use by the country's postal service:
South Africa's neighbours, Lesotho and Swaziland, have their own separate post code systems.

Konstantin Sergeyevich Stanislavsky (Russian: Константин Сергеевич Станиславский) (January 17 [O.S. 5 January] 1863 – August 7, 1938), was a director and acting innovator, responsible for a great deal of the acting technique used during the 20th century, all over the world.
Stanislavsky was born Konstantin Sergeyevich Alexeyev in Moscow to a wealthy family in 1863. He came from a prosperous Russian family who manufactured gold and silver braiding for military decorations and uniforms. Marie Varley, his grandmother, was a touring French actress and the only member of his family from an artistic background. Stanislavsky had eight siblings, who joined the young boy in creating elaborate theatricals on birthdays and holidays. The family created its own amateur theatre and Stanislavsky frequently acted in these miniature shows, usually meant for birthdays or holidays. At eight years old, Stanislavsky became interested in the circus, and often directed and starred in his own imaginary circuses. Another passion for the young Stanislavsky was puppetry, where he put on scenes from The Corsair and The Stone Guest. With puppetry, he learned to hone in on his love of detail--a quality Stanislavsky would incorporate in his directing later on in life with the Moscow Art Theatre. At fourteen, Stanislavsky started what would be numbers of notebooks filled with observations, aphorisms and problems. As a blossoming actor, Stanislavsky would dress as a tramp and go down to railroad yards, or disguise himself as a gypsy. Konstantin took a firm decision, despite the opposition of his father, to study theatre.

Stanislavsky's System
Stanislavsky had different pupils during each of the phases of discovering and experimenting with a Universal System of acting. One such student, Ryszard Bolesławski, founded the American Laboratory Theatre in 1925. It had a tremendous impact on American acting, when one of Boleslawski's students, Lee Strasberg, went on to co-found The Group Theater (1931-1940) with Harold Clurman and Cheryl Crawford, the first American acting company to put Stanislavsky's first discoveries into theatrical practice. Boleslawski had been in Stanislavsky's class when experimenting with Affective Memory. Stanislavsky's theory later evolved to rely on Physical Action inducing feelings and emotions. Affective Memory is applied in Stanislavsky's System but not as much so as in Lee Strasberg's Method.
Stella Adler, the only American to study with Stanislavsky, was taught the Method of Physical Actions in Paris for five weeks in 1934. With this new knowledge she came to Lee Strasberg and introduced to him the new Method of Physical Actions. Strasberg understood the differences but rejected the Method of Physical Actions. He believed that acting was recollection of emotion. Adler said of Strasberg: "He got it all wrong."
Among the actors who have employed Stanislavsky's System in some form are Jack Nicholson, Marilyn Monroe, James Dean, Marlon Brando, Montgomery Clift, Harvey Keitel, Steve McQueen, Paul Newman, Warren Beatty, Robert Duvall, Johnny Depp, Sidney Poitier, Jessica Lange, William Hurt, Dustin Hoffman, Robert De Niro, Al Pacino, Gene Hackman, Kevin Spacey, Jane Fonda, Henry Fonda, Benicio Del Toro, Mark Ruffalo, Vincent D'Onofrio, Kate Winslet, Adrien Brody, Denzel Washington, Elizabeth Taylor, Hillary Swank,Sarah Nahapiet, Anthony Hopkins, and Sean Penn.
Charlie Chaplin said, "Stanislavky's book, An Actor Prepares, helps all people to reach out for big dramatic art. It tells what an actor needs to rouse the inspiration he requires for expressing profound emotions."
Sir John Gielgud said, "This director found time to explain a thousand things that have always troubled actors and fascinated students." Gielgud is also quoted as saying, "Stanislavsky's now famous book is a contribution to the Theatre and its students all over the world."
Stanislavsky's goal was to find a universally applicable approach that could be of service to all actors. Yet he said of his System, "Create your own method. Don't depend slavishly on mine. Make up something that will work for you! But keep breaking traditions, I beg you."
Stanislavsky's aim was to have all of his character's performed as real as possible. He was well known for the realism of his plays.

The United Nations Fund for International Partnerships (UNFIP) was established in March 1998 by then United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan. UNFIP is responsible for administering and developing partnerships between the agencies, departments, and programmes of the United Nations and the private sector. UNFIP works with foundations and corporations that wish to support UN causes to identify opportunities for partnership and collaboration. In particular, UNFIP facilitates the UN's work with the United Nations Foundation, which Ted Turner established to donate $1 billion to the UN over the course of 15 years, though UNFIP has also worked closely with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Ford Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, the Synergos Institute, and the LTB Foundation, among others. Some of the companies which UNFIP has engaged in partnerships include Google, Microsoft, and Ericsson. A more complete list can be found at UNFIP's website: http://www.un.org/unfip/.
The partnerships developed and managed by UNFIP all work towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals. UNFIP's priority areas within the MDGs, as identified on its website, are children's health; population and women; environment, including biodiversity, energy, and climate change; and peace, security, and human rights.
UNFIP is led by an Executive Director, Amir A. Dossal, and overseen by an Advisory Board which is chaired by Deputy Secretary-General Asha-Rose Migiro. The Fund's offices are located at United Nations Headquarters in New York.
UNFIP is one component of the United Nations Office for Partnerships, which also includes the UN Democracy Fund.

Neighborhoods
Bucktown is a neighborhood located in the Logan Square community area in Chicago northwest of the Loop. Its boundaries are the Chicago River to the east, Western Avenue to the west, the above-grade Bloomingdale Line to the south and West Fullerton Avenue to the north. It is primarily residential, with a mix of older single family homes, new builds with edgy architecture, and converted industrial loft spaces. The neighborhood's origins are rooted in the Polish working class, which settled in the area in the 1830s. A large influx of Germans began in 1848 and in 1854 led to the establishment of the town of Holstein, which was eventually annexed into Chicago in 1863. Additional population influxes include European Jews, Mexican immigrants and Puerto Rican migrants. In the last quarter of the 20th Century, a growing artists' community led directly to widespread gentrification, which brought in a large population of young professionals. Bucktown is directly north from Wicker Park.
There are many bars and restaurants in the vicinity and there has been a large number of "teardowns" of the older housing stock - replacing them with new and large residential buildings.
There is a significant amount of shopping on Damen Avenue from North Avenue (in Wicker Park) going north until Webster Avenue. Bucktown is readily accessible on the Blue Line.
Bucktown gets its name from the large number of goats raised in the neighborhood during the 19th century. A male goat is a buck. The original Polish term for the neighborhood was Kozie Prery (Goat Prairie).

Palmer Square

Polish Americans
Polish Cathedral style

English common law and the United States Constitution recognize the right to a jury trial to be a fundamental civil liberty or civil right; however most other nations do not recognize it as a fundamental civil liberty, civil right, or human right, because jury trials evolved within common law systems rather than civil law systems. Jury trials are of far less importance (or of no importance) in countries that do not have a common law system.
Juries weigh the evidence and testimony to determine questions of fact. Juries generally do not determine questions of law, although this was common in the past. A verdict is a finding of fact. A question of law may lead to the overturning of a verdict.
A jury trial should not be confused with grand jury proceedings. The jury used for a trial can be referred to as a "petit jury" to distinguish it from a grand jury, used for indictments.

History of jury trials
Some jurisdictions with jury trials allow the defendant to waive their right to a jury trial, this leading to a bench trial. Jury trials tend to occur only when a crime is considered serious. In some jurisdictions, such as France and Brazil, jury trials are reserved, and compulsory, for the most severe crimes and are not available for civil cases. In Brazil, for example, trials by jury are applied in cases of First and Second-degree murders, even if only attempted. In others, such as the United Kingdom, jury trials are only available for criminal cases and very specific civil cases (defamation, malicious prosecution, civil fraud and false imprisonment). In the United States, jury trials are available in both civil and criminal cases. In Canada, jury trials are compulsory for crimes which the maximum sentence exceeds 5 years, and optional for crimes of which the maximum sentence exceeds 2 years, but less than 5 years. However, the right to a jury trial may be waived if both the prosecution and defense agree.
In the United States, because jury trials tend to be high profile, the general public tends to overestimate the frequency of jury trials. Approximately 150,000 jury trials are conducted in state courts in the U.S., and an additional 5,000 jury trials are conducted in federal courts. Two-thirds of jury trials are criminal trials, one-third are civil and "other" (e.g., family,, municipal ordinance, traffic). Nevertheless, the vast majority of cases are in fact settled by plea bargain which removes the need for a jury trial.

In most common law jurisdictions, the jury is responsible for finding the facts of the case, while the judge determines the law. These "peers of the accused" are responsible for listening to a dispute, evaluating the evidence presented, deciding on the facts, and making a decision in accordance with the rules of law and their jury instructions. Typically, the jury only judges guilt or a verdict of not guilty, but the actual penalty is set by the judge. An interesting innovation was introduced in Russia in the judicial reform of Alexander II: unlike in modern jury trials, jurors decided not only whether the defendant was guilty or not guilty, but they had the third choice: "Guilty, but not to be punished", since Alexander II believed that justice without morality is wrong.
In France and some countries organized in the same fashion, the jury and several professional judges sit together to determine guilt first. Then, if guilt was determined, they decide the appropriate penalty. The role of jury trials
In countries where jury trials are common, juries are often seen as an important check against state power. Other common assertions about the benefits of trial by jury is that it provides a means of interjecting community norms and values into judicial proceedings and that it legitimizes the law by providing opportunities for citizens to validate criminal statutes in their application to specific trials. Alexis de Tocqueville also claimed that jury trials educate citizens about self-government. Many also believe that a jury is likely to provide a more sympathetic hearing, or a fairer one, to a party who is not part of the government – or other establishment interest – than would representatives of the state.
This last point may be disputed. For example, in highly emotional cases, such as child rape, the jury may be tempted to convict based on personal feelings rather than on conviction beyond reasonable doubt. Former attorney, then later minister of Justice Robert Badinter remarked about jury trials in France that they were like "riding a ship into a storm," because they are much less predictable than bench trials.
Another issue with jury trials is the potential for jurors to be swayed by prejudice, including racial considerations. An infamous case was the 1992 trial in the Rodney King case in California, in which white police officers were acquitted of excessive force in the violent beating of a black man by a jury consisting mostly of whites without any black jurors, despite an incriminating videotape of the action. This led to widespread questioning about the case and riots ensued.
The positive belief about jury trials in the UK and the U.S. contrasts with popular belief in many other nations, in which it is considered bizarre and risky for a person's fate to be put into the hands of untrained laymen. Consider Japan, for instance, which used to have optional jury trials for capital or other serious crimes between 1928 and 1943. The defendant could freely choose whether to have a jury or trial by judges, and the decisions of the jury were non-binding. During the Tōjō-regime this was suspended, arguably due to the popular belief that any defendant who risks his fate on the opinions of untrained laymen is almost certainly guilty.
One issue that has been raised is the ability of a jury to fully understand statistical or scientific evidence. It has been said that the expectation of jury members as to the explanatory power of scientific evidence has been raised by television in what is known as the CSI effect. In at least one English trial the misuse or misunderstanding of statistics has led to wrongful conviction[2].
Recently, in British, Lord Goldsmith, the government's Attorney General, has been actively pressing forward. The Bill follows the Government's earlier, unsuccessful attempt to pass measures allowing trials without jury in the Criminal Justice Act 2003.

Pros and cons
See: Section Eleven (f) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

Canada
In the United States every person accused of a felony has a constitutional right to a trial by jury, which arises from Article Three of the United States Constitution, which states in part, "The Trial of all Crimes...shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed." The right was expanded with the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which states in part, "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed." Both provisions were made applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. Most states' constitutions also grant the right of trial by jury in lesser criminal matters, though most have abrogated that right in offenses punishable by fine only.
In the cases Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000) and Blakely v. Washington (2004), the Supreme Court of the United States held that a criminal defendant has a right to a jury trial not only on the question of guilt or innocence, but any fact used to increase the defendant's sentence beyond the maximum otherwise allowed by statutes or sentencing guidelines. This invalidated the procedure in many states and the federal courts that allowed sentencing enhancement based on "a preponderance of evidence", where enhancement could be based on the judge's findings alone.
Jurors in some states are selected through voter registration and drivers' license lists. A form is sent to prospective jurors to pre-qualify them by asking the recipient to answer questions about citizenship, disabilities, ability to understand the English language, and whether they have any conditions that would excuse them from being a juror. If they are deemed qualified, a summons is issued.

The United States
Note: in the United States "Civil" denotes non-criminal actions and should not be confused with Civil law jurisdictions.
In the United States, typical civil trial procedure is very similar to criminal trial procedure. The right to trial by jury is guaranteed by the 7th Amendment, which provides: "In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law." [3] In Joseph Story's 1883 treatise Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, he wrote, "[I]t is a most important and valuable amendment; and places upon the high ground of constitutional right the inestimable privilege of a trial by jury in civil cases, a privilege scarcely inferior to that in criminal cases, which is conceded by all to be essential to political and civil liberty."
The right to a jury trial in civil cases does not extend to the states, however, except when a state court is enforcing a federally created right, of which the right to trial by jury is a substantial part. [4]
Following the English tradition, U.S. juries have usually been composed of 12 jurors, and the jury's verdict has usually been required to be unanimous. However, in many jurisdictions, the number of jurors is often reduced to a lesser number (such as five or six) by legislative enactment, or by agreement of both sides. Some jurisdictions also permit a verdict to be returned despite the dissent of one, two, or three jurors.

Civil trial procedure
The vast majority of U.S. criminal cases are not concluded with a jury verdict, but rather by plea bargain. Both prosecutors and defendants often have a strong interest in resolving the criminal case by negotiation resulting in a plea bargain. If the defendant waives a jury trial, a bench trial is held.
In United States Federal courts, there is no absolute right to waive a jury trial. Only if the prosecution and the court consent may a defendant have a waiver of jury trial. However, most states give the defendant the absolute right to waive a jury trial.

Waiver of jury trial
In Blanton v. North Las Vegas, 489 U.S. 538 (1989), it was ruled: "offenses for which the maximum period of incarceration is six months, or less, are presumptively petty...a defendant can overcome this, and become entitled to a jury trial,..by showing that additional penalties [such as monetary fines]...are...so severe [as to indicate] that the legislature clearly determined that the offense is a serious one."

Blanton v. City of North Las Vegas
The United Kingdom consists of three separate legal jurisdictions, but there are some features common to all of them, in particular there is seldom anything like the U.S. voir dire system, jurors are usually just accepted without question. Controversially, in England there has been some screening in sensitive security cases, but the Scottish courts have firmly set themselves against any form of jury vetting.

United Kingdom

Main article: Jury (England and Wales) England and Wales
In Scotland juries consist of 15 people for criminal trials and 12 people for civil trials. In criminal trials there has never been a requirement for verdicts to be unanimous, they are reached by simple majority. (People were occasionally hanged on majority verdicts in Scotland.) Juries may also return the unusual verdict of not proven. The backing of at least eight jurors is needed to return a guilty verdict, even if the number of jurors drops below 15 e.g. because of illness. It is not possible for Scots juries to "hang", if there is not sufficient support for any verdict then this is treated as a verdict of not guilty.

Scotland
In Northern Ireland, the role of the jury trial is roughly similar to England and Wales, except that jury trials have been replaced in cases of alleged terrorist offences by courts where the judge sits alone, known as "Diplock courts". This was because of widespread jury intimidation during the Troubles. With the improving security situation in the province, Diplock courts are due to be phased out in 2007.

Northern Ireland
Jury trials were abolished in Germany by the government on January 4, 1924, because their verdicts were not perceived just anymore. Juries tended to be mistaken because of the increasing complexity of trials. Also they started to lead into an unjustified acquittal in more and more cases.

India
The first trial by jury in the colony of New South Wales was held in April 1841 in the town of Berrima.

Australia
The voir dire system of examining the jury pool before selection is not permitted in Australia as it violates the privacy of jurors. Therefore, though it exists, the right to challenge for cause during jury selection cannot be made much use of. Peremptory challenges are usually based on the hunches of the counsels and no reason is needed to use them. All Australian states allow for peremptory challenges in jury selection, however, the number of challenges granted to the counsels in each state are not all the same. Until 1987 New South Wales had twenty peremptory challenges for each side where the offence was murder, and eight for all other cases. In 1987 this was lowered to three peremptory challenges per side, the same amount allowed in South Australia. Eight peremptory challenges are allowed for both counsels for all offences in the states Victoria and Queensland. Tasmania and the Northern Territory allow for six. Western Australia allows five peremptory challenges per side, according to section 104 of the Criminal Procedure Act 2004 (WA).

Challenging potential jurors
In Australia majority verdicts are allowed in South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia, Tasmania and the Northern Territory, while New South Wales, Queensland and the ACT require unanimous verdicts. Since 1927 South Australia has permitted majority verdicts of 11:1, and 10:1 and 9:1 where the jury has been reduced, in criminal trials if a unanimous verdict cannot be reached in four hours. They are accepted in all cases except for "guilty" verdicts where the defendant is on trial for murder or treason. Victoria has accepted majority verdicts with the same conditions since 1994, though deliberations must go on for six hours before a majority verdict can be made. Western Australia accepted majority verdicts in 1957 for all trials except where the crime is murder or has a life sentence. A 10:2 verdict is accepted. Majority verdicts of 10:2 have been allowed in Tasmania since 1936 for all cases except murder and treason if a unanimous decision has not been made within two hours. Since 1943 verdicts of "not guilty" for murder and treason have also been included, but must be discussed for six hours. The Northern Territory has allowed majority verdicts of 10:2, 10:1 and 9:1 since 1963 and does not discriminate between cases whether the charge is murder or not. Deliberation must go for at least six hours before delivering a majority verdict.

Majority and unanimous verdicts in criminal trials
In 2004 New Zealand Parliament first heard the Criminal Procedures bill which would allow majority verdicts of 11:1. At its second reading in 2006, both major parties supported this element of the bill.

Russia

Jury nullification
Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution
Jury in Japan
Take it to the Box

Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (IPA: [ˈdɒdsən]) (January 27, 1832 – January 14, 1898), better known by the pen name Lewis Carroll, was an English author, mathematician, logician, Anglican clergyman and photographer.
His most famous writings are Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass as well as the poems "The Hunting of the Snark" and "Jabberwocky", all considered to be within the genre of literary nonsense.
His facility at word play, logic, and fantasy has delighted audiences ranging from children to the literary elite, and beyond this his work has become embedded deeply in modern culture, directly influencing many artists.
There are societies dedicated to the enjoyment and promotion of his works and the investigation of his life in many parts of the world including North America, Japan, the United Kingdom, and New Zealand.
His biography has recently come under much question as a result of what some call the "Carroll Myth".

Early life
Dodgson's family was predominantly northern English, with some Irish connections. Conservative and High Church Anglican, most of Dodgson's ancestors were army officers or Church of England clergymen. His great-grandfather, also Charles Dodgson, had risen through the ranks of the church to become a preacher. His grandfather, another Charles, had been an army captain, killed in action in 1803 when his two sons were hardly more than babies.
The elder of these sons – yet another Charles – was Carroll's father. He reverted to the other family business and took holy orders. He went to Rugby School, and thence to Christ Church, Oxford. He was mathematically gifted and won a double first degree which could have been the prelude to a brilliant academic career. Instead he married his first cousin in 1827 and retired into obscurity as a country parson.
Young Charles' father was an active and highly conservative clergyman of the Anglican church who involved himself, sometimes influentially, in the intense religious disputes that were dividing the Anglican church. He was High Church, inclining to Anglo-Catholicism, an admirer of Newman and the Tractarian movement, and he did his best to instill such views in his children. Young Charles, however, was to develop an ambiguous relationship with his father's values and with the Anglican church as a whole.

Antecedents
Young Dodgson was born in the little parsonage of Daresbury in Warrington, Cheshire, the oldest boy but already the third child of the four-and-a-half year old marriage. Eight more were to follow and, remarkably for the time, all of them – seven girls and four boys (including Edwin H. Dodgson) – survived into adulthood. When Charles was 11, his father was given the living of Croft-on-Tees in north Yorkshire, and the whole family moved to the spacious Rectory. This remained their home for the next twenty-five years.
In his early years, young Dodgson was educated at home. His "reading lists" preserved in the family testify to a precocious intellect: at the age of seven the child was reading The Pilgrim's Progress. He also suffered from a stammer – a condition shared by his siblings – that often influenced his social life throughout his years. At twelve he was sent away to a small private school at nearby Richmond, where he appears to have been happy and settled. But in 1845, young Dodgson moved on to Rugby School, where he was evidently less happy, for as he wrote some years after leaving the place:
I cannot say ... that any earthly considerations would induce me to go through my three years again ... I can honestly say that if I could have been ... secure from annoyance at night, the hardships of the daily life would have been comparative trifles to bear.

Young Charles
He left Rugby at the end of 1849 and, after an interval which remains unexplained, went on in January 1851 to Oxford, attending his father's old college, Christ Church. He had only been at Oxford two days when he received a summons home. His mother had died of "inflammation of the brain" – perhaps meningitis or a stroke – at the age of forty-seven.
His early academic career veered between high-octane promise and irresistible distraction. He may not always have worked hard, but he was exceptionally gifted and achievement came easily to him. In 1852 he received a first in Honour Moderations, and shortly after he was nominated to a Studentship, by his father's old friend Canon Edward Pusey. However, a little later he failed an important scholarship through his self-confessed inability to apply himself to study. Even so, his talent as a mathematician won him the Christ Church Mathematical Lectureship, which he continued to hold for the next twenty-six years. The income was good, but the work bored him. Many of his pupils were older and richer than he was, and almost all of them were uninterested. However, despite early unhappiness, Dodgson was to remain at Christ Church, in various capacities, until his death.

Oxford

Character and appearance
The young adult Charles Dodgson was about six feet tall, slender and handsome, with curling brown hair and blue eyes. He was described in later life as somewhat asymmetrical, or as carrying himself rather stiffly and awkwardly, though this may be on account of a knee injury sustained in middle age. At the age of seventeen, he suffered a severe attack of whooping cough which left him with poor hearing in his right ear and was probably responsible for his chronically weak chest in later life. The only overt defect he carried into adulthood was what he referred to as his "hesitation", a stammer he acquired in early childhood and which plagued him throughout his life.

Physical appearance
The stammer has always been a potent part of the conceptions of Dodgson; it is part of the belief that he stammered only in adult company and was free and fluent with children, but there is no evidence to support this idea. Many children of his acquaintance remembered the stammer while many adults failed to notice it. It came and went for its own reasons, but not as a clichéd manifestation of fear of the adult world. Dodgson himself seems to have been far more acutely aware of it than most people he met; it is said he caricatured himself as the Dodo in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, referring to his difficulty in pronouncing his last name, but this is one of the many "facts" oft-repeated, for which no firsthand evidence remains. He did indeed refer to himself as the dodo, but that this was a reference to his stammer is simply speculation.

Stammer
Although Dodgson's stammer troubled him, it was never so debilitating that it prevented him from applying his other personal qualities to do well in society. At a time when people commonly devised their own amusements and when singing and recitation were required social skills, the young Dodgson was well-equipped to be an engaging entertainer. He could sing tolerably well and was not afraid to do so before an audience. He was adept at mimicry and storytelling, and was, reputedly, quite good at charades.
He was, nonetheless, by modern lights, a bit of a snob. He once remarked, for example, that the only trouble with Margate (a town in Kent) was the "commercial" type of person one was bound to encounter there. Similarly, he tended toward the priggish and hypocritical; on the pretense of maintaining a high moral standard, he summarily terminated his long friendship with Ellen Terry when she decided to go and live with a man to whom she was not married, yet, Dodgson himself was involved romantically, over a number of years, with more than one married woman.
Dodgson was also quite socially ambitious, anxious to make his mark on the world as a writer or an artist. In the interim between his early published writing and the success of the Alice books, he began to move in the Pre-Raphaelite social circle. His scholastic career may well have been intended as something of a stop-gap on the way to other more exciting achievements. He first met John Ruskin in 1857 and became friendly with him. He developed a close relationship with Dante Gabriel Rossetti and his family, and also knew William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, and Arthur Hughes among other artists. He also knew the fairy-tale author George MacDonald well — it was the enthusiastic reception of Alice by the young MacDonald children that convinced him to submit the work for publication.
The traditional image of his social life as entirely child-centered has recently been challenged (see Karoline Leach's work on the "Carroll Myth"' below), and we have been reminded that he did enjoy a very active adult social life.

Personality

Dodgson the artist
From a young age, Dodgson wrote poetry and short stories, sending them to various magazines and enjoying moderate success. Between 1854 and 1856, his work appeared in the national publications, The Comic Times and The Train, as well as smaller magazines like the Whitby Gazette and the Oxford Critic. Most of this output was humorous, sometimes satirical, but his standards and ambitions were exacting. "I do not think I have yet written anything worthy of real publication (in which I do not include the Whitby Gazette or the Oxonian Advertiser), but I do not despair of doing so some day", he wrote in July 1855.
In 1856 he published his first piece of work under the name that would make him famous. A very predictable little romantic poem called "Solitude" appeared in The Train under the authorship of "Lewis Carroll". This pseudonym was a play on his real name; Lewis was the anglicised form of Ludovicus, which was the Latin for Lutwidge, and Carroll being an anglicised version of Carolus, the Latin for Charles.

The author
In the same year, 1856, a new Dean, Henry Liddell, arrived at Christ Church, bringing with him his young family, all of whom would figure largely in Dodgson's life, and greatly influence his writing career, over the following years. Dodgson became close friends with Liddell's wife, Lorina, and their children, particularly the three sisters: Lorina, Edith and Alice Liddell. Although Dodgson himself later denied that his "little heroine" was based on any real child,
The overwhelming commercial success of the first Alice book changed Dodgson's life in many ways. The fame of his alter ego "Lewis Carroll" soon spread around the world. He was inundated with fan mail and with sometimes unwanted attention. He also began earning quite substantial sums of money. However, he didn't use this income as a means of abandoning his seemingly disliked post at Christ Church.
In 1872, a sequel – Through the Looking-Glass – was published. Its somewhat darker mood possibly reflects the changes in Dodgson's life. His father had recently died (1868), plunging him into a depression that would last some years.

Alice
In 1876, Dodgson produced his last great work, The Hunting of the Snark, a fantastic "nonsense" poem, exploring the adventures of a bizarre crew of variously inadequate beings, and one beaver, who set off to find the eponymous creature. The painter Dante Gabriel Rossetti reputedly became convinced the poem was about him.

The Hunting of the Snark
In 1856, Dodgson took up the new art form of photography, first under the influence of his uncle Skeffington Lutwidge, and later his Oxford friend Reginald Southey.
He soon excelled at the art and became a well-known gentleman-photographer, and he seems even to have toyed with the idea of making a living out of it in his very early years.
A recent study by Roger Taylor and Edward Wakeling exhaustively lists every surviving print, and Taylor calculates that just over fifty percent of his surviving work depicts young girls. Alexandra Kitchin, known as "Xie" (pronounced "Ecksy"), was his favourite photographic subject. From 1869 until his giving up photography in 1880, Dodgson took at least fifty exposures of her, the last of which just before her sixteenth birthday. However, before attempting to draw any conclusions about Dodgson's proclivities or obsessions, it should be noted that less than a third of his original portfolio has survived. He also made many studies of men, women, male children and landscapes; his subjects also include skeletons, dolls, dogs, statues and paintings, trees, scholars, scientists, old men, and, indeed, little girls. His notorious (and possibly misunderstood) studies of nude children were long presumed lost, but six have since surfaced, four of which have been published.
He also found photography to be a useful entrée into higher social circles. During the most productive part of his career, he made portraits of notable sitters such as John Everett Millais, Ellen Terry, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Julia Margaret Cameron, Michael Faraday and Alfred, Lord Tennyson.
Dodgson abruptly ceased to photograph in 1880. Over 24 years, he had completely mastered the medium, set up his own studio on the roof of Tom Quad, and created around 3,000 images. Fewer than 1,000 have survived time and deliberate destruction. His reasons for abandoning photography remain uncertain.
With the advent of Modernism tastes changed, and his photography was forgotten from around 1920 until the 1960s. He is now considered one of the very best Victorian photographers, and is certainly the one who has had the most influence on modern art photographers.
He also had written a poem "The Walrus and the Carpenter" which shows his experimentation.

The inventor
Over the remaining twenty years of his life, throughout his growing wealth and fame, his existence remained little changed. He continued to teach at Christ Church until 1881, and remained in residence there until his death. His last novel, the two-volume Sylvie and Bruno, was published in 1889 and 1893 respectively. Its extraordinary convolutions and apparent confusion baffled most readers and it achieved little success. He died at his sister's home in Guildford on January 14, 1898 of pneumonia following influenza. He was a fortnight away from turning sixty-six years old. He is buried in Guildford at the Mount Cemetery.

The later years

Controversies and mysteries
There has been much speculation that Dodgson used psychoactive drugs, however there is no direct evidence that he ever did. It is true that the most common painkiller of the time – laudanum – was in fact a tincture of opium and could produce a "high" if used in a large enough dose. Most historians would admit Dodgson probably used it from time to time, since it was the standard domestic painkiller of its day and was to be found in numerous patent medicines of the time, but there is no evidence he ever abused it or that its effects had any impact on his work. There is no factual evidence to support a suggestion that he smoked cannabis. However, many people regard Alice's hallucinations in the Wonderland, when surrounded by teas, mushrooms and smoking insects, as references to psychedelic substances. This suggestion of psychedelic drug use made him extremely popular to the counterculture of the 1960s and was a positive way of showing the mainstream that one of their most famous and highly regarded writers also used these forbidden substances. Grace Slick wrote a song, White Rabbit, recorded with both The Great Society and Jefferson Airplane, which depicted Carroll's Alice in Wonderland as a psychedelic drug trip.

The possibility of drug use
Dodgson had been groomed for the priesthood from a very early age and was expected, as a condition of his residency at Christ Church, to take holy orders within four years of obtaining his master's degree. However, for reasons not presently explained, he became reluctant to do this. He delayed the process for some time but eventually took deacon's orders in December 1861. But when the time came, a year later, to progress to priestly orders, Dodgson appealed to the dean for permission not to proceed. This was against college rules, and Dean Liddell told him he would very likely have to leave his job if he refused to take orders. He told Dodgson he would have to consult the college ruling body, which would almost undoubtedly have resulted in his being expelled. However, for unknown reasons, Dean Liddell changed his mind and permitted Dodgson to remain at the college, in defiance of the rules. so this may well also have been a contributing factor.
Currently it is unknown why Dodgson was consumed with a sense of sin at this time, though again several theories have been put forward.

The priesthood
At least four complete volumes An alternate interpretation has been made regarding Carroll's rumored involvement with "Ina": Lorina was also the name of Alice Liddell's mother. The reason for the break has never been made clear.

The missing diaries
Dodgson's friendships with young girls, together with his perceived lack of interest in romantic attachments to adult women, and psychological readings of his work - especially his photographs of nude or semi-nude girls which discusses claims of Dodgson's "nympholepsy" (as Vladimir Nabokov called it) and the roles children took in Victorian art.

Suggestions of paedophilia
The accepted view of Dodgson's biography – and most particularly his image as a potential paedophile – has received a challenge in quite recent times, when a new and controversial analysis of Dodgson's sexual proclivities (and indeed the evolution of the entire process of his biography) appeared in Karoline Leach's 1999 book In the Shadow of the Dreamchild. She states that the image of Dodgson's alleged paedophilia was built out of a failure to understand Victorian morals, as well as the mistaken idea that Dodgson had no interest in adult women which evolved out of the minds of various biographers. She termed this simplified – and often, in her view, fictional – image "the Carroll Myth".
According to Leach, Dodgson's real life was very different from the accepted biographical image. He was not, she says, exclusively interested in female children. She acknowledges he was fond of children, but says this interest has been exaggerated. She says that he was also keenly interested in adult women and apparently enjoyed several relationships with them, married and single; furthermore, she goes on to state that many of those Dodgson described as "child-friends" were not children at all, but girls in their late teens and even twenties.

Karoline Leach and "The Carroll Myth"
Lewis Carroll was good friends with Alice Ottley, the first headmistress at The Alice Ottley School. As a result, one of the houses is called "Carroll," after Lewis Carroll.

Alice Ottley

Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There (includes Jabberwocky)
The Hunting of the Snark
Rhyme? And Reason? (also published as Phantasmagoria)
A Tangled Tale
Alice's Adventures Under Ground
Sylvie and Bruno
Sylvie and Bruno Concluded
Three Sunsets and Other Poems
Pillow Problems
The Game of Logic
Symbolic Logic
An Elementary Treastise on Determinants, With Their Application to Simultaneous Linear Equations and Algebraical Equations
What the Tortoise Said to Achilles
Euclid and his Modern Rivals (1879)
Facts Works
The section could be improved by integrating relevant items into the main text and removing inappropriate items.

There is a popular urban legend that Queen Victoria, having enjoyed one of Carroll's children's books, wrote to him graciously suggesting that he dedicate his next book to her. Carroll, according to the story, obligingly did so dedicate it, but the work happened to be a mathematical opus entitled An Elementary Treatise on Determinants. This story originated in Carroll's lifetime, and he wrote himself that "nothing even resembling it has occurred".
A combination of his real name and pseudonym was used by Michael Crichton for the name of a character in Jurassic Park: Lewis Dodgson, the CEO of a rival genetic engineering corporation, who hires Dennis Nedry to steal embryos from the park. Nedry's method of stealing the embryos also makes reference to Carroll: to shut down the security systems, he uses a program called "White_Rabbit.obj".
Marilyn Manson is currently in the process of creating a feature film entitled Phantasmagoria: The Visions of Lewis Carroll. It was originally meant to be an adaptation of Alice in Wonderland but Manson later decided to concentrate on the author himself. See also