The British Virgin Islands national rugby union team represents the British Virgin Islands in international rugby union. The nation are a member of the International Rugby Board (IRB) and have yet to play in a Rugby World Cup tournament. The British Virgin Islands played their first international in 1996 - losing to Barbados.

Andras Jones (born August 12, 1968) is an American actor who has worked in movies and in television. He is perhaps best known for his role in the 1988 hit horror movie A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master as the central character Rick Johnson.
Jones was born in Santa Cruz, California, the son of Susan B. (Smullin) and the noted psychologist, writer and academian Richard Matthew Jones, whose books include The Dream Poet, Fantasy and Feeling in Education, The New Psychology of Dreaming, and Experiment at Evergreen.
Jones has made guest appearances in TV shows like Alien Nation and Good Morning, Miss Bliss, and Saved by the Bell. His most recent movie was The Attic Expeditions in 2001.
Jones is a critically acclaimed musician and has many releases under his own name and under the names Mr. Jones and The Previous and, simply, The Previous. His songs have appeared in many motion pictures and have been covered by several other artists including Andy Dick, Willie Wisely, Julie Christensen,

The Encyclopædia Britannica has been published continuously since 1768, appearing in 15 official editions. Several editions have been amended with multi-volume "supplements" (3rd-6th) or undergone drastic re-organizations (15th). In recent years, digital versions of the Britannica have been developed, both online and on optical media. Since the early 1930s, the Britannica has developed several "spin-off" products to leverage its reputation as a reliable reference work and educational tool.

Historical context

Earliest editions (1st-6th, 1768-1824)
The Britannica was the idea of Colin Macfarquhar, a bookseller and printer, and Andrew Bell, an engraver, both of Edinburgh. They conceived of the Britannica as a conservative reaction to the French Encyclopédie of Denis Diderot (published 1751-1766), which was widely viewed as heretical. Ironically, the Encyclopédie had begun as a French translation of the popular English encyclopedia, Cyclopaedia published by Ephraim Chambers in 1728. Although later editions of Chambers' Cyclopaedia were still popular, and despite the commercial failure of other English encyclopedias, Macfarquhar and Bell were inspired by the intellectual ferment of the Scottish Enlightenment and thought the time ripe for a new encyclopedia "compiled upon a new plan".
Needing an editor, the two chose a 28-year-old scholar named William Smellie who was offered 200 pounds sterling to produce the encyclopedia in 100 parts (called "numbers" and equivalent to thick pamphlets), which were later bound into three volumes. The first number appeared on December 6 1768 in Edinburgh, priced sixpence or 8 pence on finer paper. The Britannica was published under the pseudonym "A Society of Gentlemen in Scotland", possibly referring to the many gentlemen who had bought subscriptions.

1st edition
After the success of the first edition, a more ambitious second edition was begun in 1776, with the addition of history and biography articles. Conversely, the 2nd edition describes the architecture of Noah's Ark in detail (illustrated with a copperplate engraving) and, following Bishop Ussher, includes a remarkably precise chronology for the Earth, beginning with its creation on 23 October 4004 B.C. and noting that the Great Flood of 2348 B.C. lasted for exactly 777 days. The 2nd edition also reports a cure for tuberculosis
and a somewhat melancholy article on "Love" that persisted in the Britannica for nearly a century (until its 9th edition)

2nd edition
The third edition was published from 1788 to 1797 in 300 weekly numbers (1 shilling apiece); these numbers were collected and bound in 30 parts (10 shilling, sixpence each) and finally in 18 volumes with 14,579 pages and 542 plates. Macfarquhar again edited this edition up to "Mysteries" but died in 1793 (aged 48) of "mental exhaustion"; his work was taken over by George Gleig, later Bishop Gleig of Brechin (consecrated 30 October 1808). Andrew Bell, Macfarquhar's partner, bought the rights to the Britannica from his heirs.
Nearly doubling the scope of the 2nd edition, Macfarquhar's encyclopedic vision was finally realized. Recruited by Gleig, several illustrious authorities contributed to this edition, such as Dr. Thomas Thomson, who introduced the first usage of chemical symbols, and John Robinson, Secretary of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, who wrote several well-regarded articles on natural philosophy. The third edition established the foundation of the Britannica as an important and definitive reference work for much of the next century. This edition was also enormously profitable, yielding 42,000 pounds sterling profit on the sale of roughly 10,000 copies. The 3rd edition began the tradition (continued to this day) of dedicating the Britannica to the reigning British monarch, then King George III; calling him "the Father of Your People, and enlightened Patron of Arts, Sciences and Literature", Gleig wished
The 3rd edition is also famous for its bold article on "Motion", which categorically rejects Isaac Newton's theory of gravitation. Instead, Dr. Gleig wrote that gravity is caused by the classical element of fire. He seems to have been swayed by William Jones' Essay on the First Principles of Natural Philosophy (1762), which in turn was based on John Hutchinson's MA thesis, Moses' Principia, which was written in 1724 but rejected by Oxford University. Nevertheless, Gleig was sanguine about the errors of the 3rd edition, echoing William Smellie's sentiment in the 1st edition quoted above
The first "American" encyclopedia, Dobson's Encyclopædia, was based almost entirely on the 3rd edition of the Britannica and published at nearly the same time (1788-1798), together with an analogous supplement (1803), by the Scottish-born printer, Thomas Dobson. The first United States copyright law was passed on 30 May 1790 — although anticipated by Section 8 of Article I of the United States Constitution (ratified 4 March 1789) — but did not protect foreign publications such as the Britannica. Piracy of the Britannica in America remained a problem through the 9th edition (1889). Pirated copies were also sold in Dublin by James Moore under the title, Moore's Dublin Edition, Encyclopædia Britannica; this was an exact reproduction of the Britannica's 3rd edition. Nineteenth-century editions of the Britannica regularly included high-level research works from its authors; by contrast, the 20th century editions are notable for being more popularized, easier to understand but less scholarly.

3rd edition
A two-volume supplement to the 3rd edition was published in 1801, having 1,624 pages and 50 copperplates by D. Lizars. This supplement was published by a wine-merchant, Thomas Bonar, the son-in-law of the Britannica's owner Andrew Bell; unfortunately, the two men quarreled and they never spoke for the last ten years of Bell's life (1799-1809).
The Britannica explicitly positioned itself as a conservative publication in reaction to the radical French Encyclopédie of Diderot published between 1751-66. In the royal dedication penned on 10 December 1800, Dr. Gleig elaborated on the editorial purpose of the Britannica

Supplement to the 3rd edition
The 4th edition was begun in 1800 and completed in 1810, comprising 20 volumes with 16,033 pages and 531 plates engraved by Andrew Bell. The editor was Dr. James Millar, a physician, who was good at scientific topics but criticized for being "slow & dilatory & not well qualified". The mathematical articles of Prof. Wallace were widely praised in the 4th edition but, overall, the 4th edition was a minor revision of the 3rd, updated in its historical and biographical articles.
The copyright of the material in the supplement to the 3rd edition was owned by Thomas Bonar, who asked 20,000 pounds sterling for it. The supplemental material was licensed for the fourth edition for 100 pounds, but this copyright issue remained a problem through the 5th edition.
Bonar was friendly to the article authors, however, and conceived the plan of paying them as well as the article reviewers, and of allowing them to retain copyright for separate publication of their work.

4th edition
After Andrew Bell died in 1809, his heirs botched the fifth edition; the dilatory and unqualified Dr. Millar was again the editor. Completed in 1817, the fifth edition sold for 36 pounds sterling and consisted of 20 volumes with 16,017 pages and 582 plates. The fifth edition was a relatively minor revision of the fourth, which in turn was a relatively minor revision of the 3rd edition and its supplement.

5th edition
After securing sole-ownership rights in December 1816, Constable began work on a supplement to the 5th edition, even before the 5th edition had been released (1817). The supplement was completed in April 1824, consisting of 6 volumes with 4933 pages, 125 plates, 9 maps, 3 "dissertations" and 160 biographies, mainly of people who had died within the preceding 30 years. This edition was the first to have an Index listing the 669 articles.
This supplement had remarkably illustrious contributors. Constable was friends with Sir Walter Scott, who contributed the "Chivalry" article. To edit the supplement, Constable hired Macvey Napier, who recruited other eminent contributors such as Sir Humphry Davy, Jean-Baptiste Biot, John Stuart Mill, William Hazlitt, David Ricardo, and Thomas Malthus. Thomas Young's article on Egypt included the translation of the hieroglyphics on the Rosetta Stone.

Supplement to the 5th edition
Constable also produced the 6th edition, which was completed in May 1823. It was published in 40 half-volume parts, priced 16 shillings in boards. The editor was Charles Maclaren. Unfortunately, Constable went bankrupt on 19 January 1826 and the rights to the Britannica were sold on auction; they were eventually bought on 16 July 1828 for 6150 pounds sterling by a partnership of four men: Adam Black (a publisher), Alexander Wight (a banker), Abram Thomson (a bookbinder) and Thomas Allen, the proprietor of the Caledonian Mercury. Not long after, Black bought out his partners and ownership of the Britannica passed to the Edinburgh publishing firm of A & C Black.

6th edition

A. and C. Black editions (7th-9th, 1827-1901)
The 7th edition was begun in 1827 and published from March 1830-January 1842. It was edited by Macvey Napier, who was assisted by James Browne, LLD. It consisted of 21 volumes with 17,101 pages and 506 plates, with an Index of 187 pages. This was the first edition to include a general index for all articles, a practice that was maintained until 1974.
Many illustrious contributors were recruited to this edition, including Sir David Brewster, Thomas de Quincey, Antonio Panizzi and Robert Stephenson. James Wilson did all of zoology, Dr. Hampden did all of Greek philosophy, and William Hosking contributed an excellent article on architecture. Mathematical diagrams were made from woodcuts.
The 7th edition went on sale for £24 per set. However, Adam Black had invested over £108,766 in its production: £5,354 for advertising, £8,755 for editing, £13,887 for 167 contributors, £13,159 for plates, £29,279 for paper, and £19,813 for the printing. In the end, roughly 5,000 sets were sold but Black considered himself well-rewarded in intellectual prestige.

7th edition
The 8th edition was published from 1853-1860 in 21 volumes, with 17,957 pages and 402 plates and a 239-page Index (published separately in 1861). Since Macvey Napier died in 1847, Adam Black selected for its editor Dr. Thomas Stewart Traill, a professor of medical juriprudence at Edinburgh University. When Dr. Traill fell ill, he was assisted by a young Scottish philosopher, John Downes. Black was able to hold costs to roughly £75,655. This edition began the tradition of a contributors' banquet to celebrate the edition's completion (5 June 1861).

8th edition
The landmark ninth edition, often called 'the Scholar's Edition',

9th edition, The Scholar's Edition

First American editions (10th-14th, 1901-1973)
Again under the sponsorship of The Times of London, the new owners quickly produced an 11-volume supplement to the 9th edition; the editors were Hugh Chisholm, Sir Donald Mackenzie Wallace, Arthur T. Hadley and Franklin Henry Hooper, the brother of the owner Horace Hooper. Taken together, the 35 volumes were dubbed the "10th edition". The re-issue of the 9th edition under the moniker "10th edition" caused some outrage, since many articles of the 9th edition were over 25 years old, and beginning to show their age. This led to the popular joke: "The Times is behind the Encyclopædia Britannica and the Encyclopædia Britannica is behind the times."

10th edition (supplement to the 9th)
The renowned 11th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica was begun in 1903, and published in 1910-1911 in 28 volumes, with a one-volume Index. Edited by Hugh Chisholm in London and by Franklin Hooper in New York, the 11th edition was the first to be published substantially at one time, instead of volume by volume. Its illustrious contributors are legion, including Baden-Powell writing on kite-flying; Arthur Eddington on astronomy; Edmund Gosse on literature and Donald Tovey on music. Sometimes called the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, this edition is still highly regarded for its lucid explanations of scholarly subjects. Being in the public domain, the complete text is freely available online.

11th edition
The poor sales of the war years brought the Britannica to the brink of bankruptcy. Luckily, the CEO of Sears Roebuck, philanthropist Julius Rosenwald, was devoted to the mission of the Britannica and bought its rights on 24 February 1920 from his friend Horace Everett Hooper for $1.25 million dollars. The Britannica's headquarters were moved to Chicago, where they have remained ever since. In 1922, a 3-volume supplement to the 11th edition was released that summarized the developments just before, during and after World War I; these three volumes, taken together with the 11th edition, became known as the 12th edition. Horace Hooper died in 1922, a few weeks after the publication of the 12th edition. This edition was a commercial failure, losing Sears roughly $1.75 million dollars, after which Sears gave it back to Hooper's widow, Harriett Meeker Cox, and her brother, William J. Cox, who ran the company from 1923-1928.
The passage of a few years led to a better perspective on that era. In 1926, the Britannica released three new volumes covering the history of 1910-1926, which were intended to supplant those of the 12th edition. Again taken together with the 11th edition, the new volumes became known as the 13th edition, which maintained the Britannica's tradition of illustrious contributors: Harry Houdini, Albert Einstein, Marie Curie, Sigmund Freud, Henry Ford, Leon Trotsky, Ferdinand Foch, Gustav Stresemann, Thomas G. Masaryk and Elihu Root.
In 1928, Rosenwald bought back the rights to the Britannica, leaving Cox as publisher. Cox argued forcefully for a new 14th edition, pointing out that the 11th edition (the bulk of the 12 and 13th editions) was badly out of date. Cox also tried to involve the University of Chicago in producing the Britannica, even including a $1 million advance from Rosenwald as a temptation; however, the trustees of the University turned down his proposal, a choice they almost repeated a generation later under William Benton.

12th and 13th editions (competing supplements to the 11th)
By 1926, the 11th edition was beginning to show its age, and work on a new edition was begun. The editors were J. L. Garvin in London and Franklin Henry Hooper in New York. The 14th edition took three years to complete, at the then exhorbitant cost of $2.5 million dollars, all of it invested by Julius Rosenwald of Sears, Roebuck and Company. It was very different to the 11th edition, having fewer volumes and simpler articles, continuing the business strategy of popularizing the Britannica for the American mass market at the expense of its scholarship.
The 14th edition was published in September 1929, and had 23 volumes with a one-volume Index that also contained a complete atlas. Unfortunately, the Great Depression struck scarcely a month after the release of the 14th edition, and sales plummeted. Despite the unfailing support of the Sears Roebuck company, the Britannica almost went bankrupt over the next few years. Rosenwald died in 1932, and General Robert E. Wood took over; Cox was removed as publisher and the Secretary-Treasurer of Sears, Elkan Harrison Powell was installed as the new President of the Britannica.

14th edition
E. H. Powell identified and fixed a key vulnerability of Britannnica, namely, that its sales (and, hence, the company's income) fluctuated strongly over the life-cycle of an edition. After the release of a new edition, sales would generally begin strong, and decline gradually for 10-20 years as the edition began to "show its age"; finally, sales would drop off precipitously with the announcement that work had begun on a new edition, since few people would buy an obsolete encyclopedia that would soon be updated. These strong fluctuations in sales led to economic hardship for the Britannica.
To amend this problem, Powell suggested in 1933 the policy of continuous revision, with the goal of keeping the Britannica "always timely and always salable". The basic idea was to maintain a continuous editorial staff that would constantly revise the articles on a fixed schedule. Earlier encyclopedias did not maintain a continuous editorial staff, but rather assembled one just prior to beginning a new edition. Rather than releasing supplemental editions or volumes, new printings would be made every year with only enough copies made to cover the sales for that year. An analysis of the Britannica's articles suggested that roughly 75% required only occasional revising, whereas 25% required revision every 1-3 years. The articles were therefore divided into 30 classifications and a schedule for their revision worked out, such that every article would be checked at least twice a decade.
Powell also conceived the Britannica's "Book of the Year", in which a single volume would be released every year covering the developments of the previous year, particularly in rapidly changing fields such as science, technology, culture and politics. The "Book of the Year" continues to be published even today. Powell also introduced the Library Research Service (1936), in which owners of the Britannica could write to have their personal questions researched and answered by the editorial staff.
Under Powell's leadership, the Britannica began to capitalize on its reputation by aggressively developing "spin-offs", such as the 12-volume Britannica Junior for children (published 1934, and revised to 15 volumes in 1947), the historical timeline The March of Man (published 1935, and edited by Albert Bushwell Hart, Isaac J. Cox and Lawrence H. Dawson), the Encyclopædia Britannica World Atlas (published 1942, and prepared by G. Donald Hudson) and Ten Eventful Years, a summary of the national and international events surrounding World War II (1937-1946).

Policy of continuous revision
Sears Roebuck published the Britannica until 1943. In 1941, Sears offered the rights to the Britannica as a gift to the University of Chicago. The story of this offer was recounted at the bicentennial banquet of the Encyclopædia Britannica
"Yes," replied General Wood, "Sears, Roebuck should never have acquired it in the first place."
"Does it make any money?" Bill asked. Wood replied that sales would earn his company some $300,000 before taxes that year. Bill replied, "Well, General, you know that universities do not have any money. They cannot buy businesses. Why don't you make a gift of the Britannica to the University of Chicago?"
General Wood did not reply immediately but walked to his car. As he got into the car, he turned to Bill Benton and said, "All right, Bill, I will give you the Britannica."
The University of Chicago declined the offer, viewing the mission of the university as not entirely consistent with a large commercial publishing house; however it continues even today to be involved in its production, offering editorical advice and allowing its name to be associated with the Britannica. Thus, in 1943, the wealthy and powerful William Benton, a former U.S. senator and advertising executive, obtained exclusive control of the Britannica, which he published until his death in 1973. His widow Helen Hemingway Benton continued to publish the Britannica until her own death in 1974. After their deaths, the Benton Foundation continued to manage the Britannica until it was sold to Jacqui Safra in 1996.

The current 15th edition
Despite the policy of continuous revision, the 14th edition of the Britannica gradually became outdated, much as its predecessors, the 9th and 11th editions. Beginning in the early 1960s, the failings of the 14th edition began to be collated and published by physicist Harvey Einbinder, culminating in his highly critical 390-page book, The Myth of Britannica (1964). Goaded into action, the Britannica began to work on a new edition, the current 15th.
The 15th edition was produced over ten years at a cost of $32 million dollars and released in 1974 in 30 volumes. The so-called New Encyclopædia Britannica (or Britannica 3) had a unique three-part organization: a single Propædia (Primer for Education) volume, which aimed to provide an outline of all known, indeed knowable, information; a 10-volume Micropædia (Small Education) of 102,214 short articles (strictly less than 750 words); and a 19-volume Macropædia (Large Education) of 4,207 longer, scholarly articles with references, similar to those of the 9th and 11th editions. despite Dr. Adler's claims that the sorting followed naturally from the Propædia's outline of all knowedge.

Second version (1985-present)
In the 1980s, Microsoft approached Britannica Inc. to collaborate on a CD-ROM encyclopedia, but the offer was declined. The senior managers at Britannica were confident in their control of the market and that their healthy profits would continue. At this time complete sets of the encyclopedia were priced between $1,500 and $2,200, and the product was considered part of a luxury brand with an impeccable reputation handed down from generation to generation. The management did not believe that a CD-ROM could adequately compete or supplement their business. In turn, Microsoft used content from Funk & Wagnalls Standard Encyclopedia to create what is now known as Encarta.

Fran Warren (born March 4, 1926) is an American popular singer.
She was born as Frances Wolfe to a Jewish family in the borough of the Bronx, in New York City. After some time on a chorus line at New York's Roxy Theater, she auditioned with the big band of Duke Ellington at age 16; though she never made it onto Ellington's band, she soon became a singer with bands led by Randy Brooks, Art Mooney, Billy Eckstine, Charlie Barnet, and Claude Thornhill. It was Eckstine who gave her the stage name of Fran Warren. With Charllie Barnet, she replaced Kay Starr as featured vocalist. In 1947, she made the charts for the first time, with the Thornhill band's recording of "A Sunday Kind Of Love" on Columbia Records. She made a number of other records with Thornhill that year.
In 1948 she went solo, signing with RCA Records. On RCA she made a number of recordings, but her biggest hit was a duet with Tony Martin, "I Said My Pajamas (and Put On My Pray'rs)" which reached #3 on the charts. Other recordings which she made include more duets with Tony Martin and with Lisa Kirk.
In the early 1950s, after a number of her RCA records failed to chart, she moved to MGM Records. She had a number of records for MGM, making her last chart hit in 1953 with "It's Anybody's Heart."
In the 1950s she also started to play in musical comedy, performing in "The Pajama Game" in the mid-1950s and later playing the title role in "Mame." She did not neglect her band singing, touring with Harry James in the 1960s.

The J-I was a solid rocket expendable launch vehicle from Japan. It flew only once, in 1996, in a partial configuration, to launch the demonstrator Hyflex. The vehicle never flew in the final orbital capability configuration, which should have launched the OICETS satellite (which was finally launched on Dnepr).
Ariane 5 · Atlas V · Athena · Cosmos-3M · Delta II · Delta IV · Dnepr · GSLV · H-IIA · Long March · Minotaur · Molniya · Pegasus · Proton · PSLV · Rockot · Shavit · Soyuz (U, FG, 2) · Taurus · Tsyklon · Zenit
Angara · Ariane M · GSLV III · GX · H-IIB · Long March 5 · Vega
Ariane (1, 2, 3, 4) · Atlas (ICBM derived, II, III) · Black Arrow · Delta III · Diamant · Energia · Europa · H-II · J-I · Juno I · M-V · N1 · R-7 Semyorka · Saturn (I, IB ,V, INT-21) · Scout · Thor · Titan (I, II, III, IIIB, IV) · Vanguard · Voskhod · Vostok

Mero's Footy Jumpers
Fremantle Football Club, nicknamed The Dockers and known informally as "Freo", is one of 16 teams in the Australian Football League (AFL). It was the second team from Western Australia to be admitted to the national Australian rules football competition, joining in 1995. The club is based in the port city of Fremantle, south west of Perth at the mouth of the Swan River.
It has been captained by Matthew Pavlich since the beginning of the 2007 season.

History

Main article: Western Derby The Western Derby
Fremantle Football Club has its training and administration facilities at Fremantle Oval.
The club encourages fans to attend Monday night training sessions, when players remain on the field after training to meet their supporters and sign autographs.
The team's home games are played at Subiaco Oval. Between 1995 and 2000 they also played home games at the WACA Ground.

The Club
See also Fremantle Football Club drafting and trading history for the complete list of Fremantle's draft selections, delistings and trades
Rookies:

  1 Luke Webster
  2 Josh Carr (Vice-Captain)
  3 Byron Schammer
  4 Paul Hasleby
  6 Dean Solomon
  7 Brett Peake
  8 Shaun McManus (Veteran)
  9 Matthew Carr
11 Des Headland
12 Brock O'Brien
14 Antoni Grover
15 Ryan Crowley
16 David Mundy
17 Chris Tarrant
18 Luke McPharlin
21 Heath Black
22 Scott Thornton
24 Adam Campbell
25 Steven Dodd
27 Daniel Gilmore
28 Ryan Murphy
29 Matthew Pavlich (Captain)
30 Marcus Drum
31 Aaron Sandilands
32 Peter Bell
33 Jeff Farmer
34 Robert Warnock
40 Andrew Foster
35 Garrick Ibbotson
36 Andrew Browne
37 Michael Johnson
41 Paul Duffield
43 Roger Hayden
26 Benet Copping
38 Chris Smith 2007 squad

Leadership
The Doig Medal is the Fremantle Football Club's annual fairest and best award. Currently, after each of the 22 home and away matches, the Fremantle coaching staff rate each player from 0-7 (with 7 being the best). At the end of the year the votes are tallied and the Doig Medal Night is held to announce the winner. Variations on the voting system have been used in past years. The awards ceremony has been held at the Fremantle Passenger Terminal (1995), Challenge Stadium (1998-1999), Fremantle Oval (2000-2001), the Grand Ballroom at Burswood Entertainment Complex (2002-2005) and the Perth Convention Exhibition Centre (2006).
The Beacon Award is presented to the club's best new talent. To be eligible, a player must be under the age of 21 years on or before 31 December of the previous year and have played less than 10 games at the start of the season (matching the AFL Rising Star criteria).

Club awards
The Fremantle Football Club uses the anchor symbol as the basis for all of their guernseys or jumpers (unlike other sporting codes it is rarely called a jersey, shirt or kit). The home jumper is purple, with a white anchor on the front separating the chest area into two panels, which are coloured red and green to represent the traditional maritime port and starboard colours. The current alternative or clash guernsey is all white with a purple anchor.
One game each year is designated as the Purple Haze game, where an all-purple jumper with a white anchor is worn. This game is used to raise money for the Starlight Foundation.
Since 2003, the AFL has marketed one round each year as the Heritage Round. Until 2006 Fremantle wore a white guernsey with 3 red chevrons, to emulate the jumper worn by the original Fremantle Football Club in 1885. However in 2007, the selected round had Fremantle playing Sydney, who also wear red and white. An alternative blue and white striped design was used, based on the jumper worn by the East Fremantle Football Club in their 1979 WAFL Grand Final win over the South Fremantle Football Club. This Fremantle Derby still holds the record for the highest attendance at a football game of any code in Western Australia, with 52,781 attending at Subiaco Oval[1].
The home jumper is predominantly purple, with a white, stylized anchor running down the front, separating two green and red panels.
The away jumper is the same design as the home jumper but is predominantly white with just a purple stylized anchor running down the front.
The Purple Haze jumper is purple, with a white, stylized anchor running down the front.
For all past guernsey designs, see Mero's Footy Jumpers website.

Club guernsey

Premierships: None
Highest ladder position (after Rd 22): 3rd, 2006
Wooden spoons: One, 2001
Finals series reached: Two
Wins in finals: One (d. Melbourne Demons 14.18 (102) to 11.8 (74), September 15, 2006)
Biggest winning margin: 112 points, against Collingwood, May 8, 2005 at Subiaco Oval, 28.12 (180) to 10.8 (68)
Biggest losing margin: 117 points, against West Coast on April 15, 2000, at Subiaco Oval, 28.10 (178) to 9.7 (61)
Longest winning streak: 9 games (Round 14-22, 2006)
Longest losing streak: 18 games, (Round 22, 2000 - Round 17, 2001) Individual awards and records

Record attendance (home and away game): 45,436, Round 1, March 30, 2003 at AAMI Stadium v Adelaide
Record attendance (home game): 42,213, Round 6, May 6, 2006 at Subiaco Oval v West Coast Eagles.
Record attendance (finals match): 61,373, Preliminary Final, Sept 22, 2006 at Telstra Stadium v Sydney. Attendance records
The official song of the club is Freo way to Go. It was written in the mid 1990s by Ken Walther and unlike many of the other Australian rules team songs, it is played to a contemporary rock tune but is based on a traditional Igor Stravinsky arrangement of a Russian folk song, Song of the Volga Boatmen. and equally fierce loyalty from many fans.

Club song
Despite a relative lack of on-field success, Fremantle has surprised many with record membership figures. The club in 2005 had the fastest growing membership in the AFL competition with home crowds growing at a similar rate. The club's recent membership slogans have emphasised the passion of Fremantle fans for their team.

Membership


History of club membership numbers
The Fremantle Football Hall of Legends was inaugurated by Fremantle Football Club in 1995, in recognition of the new AFL team's links with its home city's football heritage. The inductees are nominated by the two clubs from the Fremantle area in the WAFL: East Fremantle and South Fremantle. In time, players who represented Fremantle in the AFL will join their predecessors in this prestigious Hall.

Fremantle Football Hall of Legends

Ceremonial positions
It is traditional for each club to recognise a prominent supporter as the #1 Ticketholder. Fremantle originally chose to award this to the sitting member for the Federal Seat of Fremantle. This was roundly criticised as the member may or may not be a Fremantle football supporter. The policy was soon changed to select a well-known Fremantle identity.

1995-1996 Carmen Lawrence
1997-2002 Jack Sheedy & Steve Marsh
2003-2005 Rove McManus
2006- Luc Longley Number 1 Ticket Holders
Since 2003, the Fremantle Football Club has been honoured to have the Governor of Western Australia as its patron.
Vice-Patrons

2003-2005 His Excellency Lieutenant General John Sanderson, AC
2006- His Excellency Dr Ken Michael, AC
David Malcolm – Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Western Australia (retired)
Syd Corser
Con Regan
Steve Marsh
Jack Sheedy Mascots

Saint Barbara, known as the Great Martyr Barbara in the Orthodox church, was a Christian saint and martyr, who lived in the third century.

Her story
St. Barbara is one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers (also known as Helpers in Need). Her association with lightning has caused her to be invoked against lightning and fire; by association, she is also the patron of artillery and mining. Her feast is celebrated on December 4 in the Tridentine use of the Roman Catholic Liturgy; in the 1969 reformed Roman Catholic liturgical calendar her public cultus was suppressed to a purely local celebration, and her name was dropped from the litany of saints.
Orthodox Christians have never ceased to venerate St. Barbara, among whom she remains very popular. Her feastday continues to be celebrated on December 4 throughout the Orthodox world. In the 12th century, the relics of St. Barbara were brought from Constantinople to the St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery in Kiev, where they were kept until the 1930s, when they were transferred to St. Vladimir's Cathedral in the same city.
In the Spanish language, the word santabárbara means the magazine of a ship or fortress. It was customary to have a statue of Saint Barbara at the magazine to protect the ship or fortress from suddenly exploding. She is the namesake of the U.S. city of Santa Barbara, California, located approximately 100 miles northwest of Los Angeles. The Franciscan mission there is named in her honor. There were many churches dedicated in her name in Russia, including the one in Moscow next to Saint Basil's Cathedral and in Yaroslavl.

Validity of her legend

She plays a central role in the Jimmy Buffett bestseller, A Salty Piece of Land.
She is depicted in art as standing by a tower with three windows, carrying a palm branch and a chalice; sometimes cannons are depicted by her side.
Because of her identification with lightning and cannonry, in Santería she is identified with the god Shango, god of lightning and war.
For similar reasons, Robert A. Heinlein, in his book Space Cadet, named her the patron saint of people who deal with high explosives, and therefore rocketmen. The launch field at the academy is named for her, and following the crash of a training flight, a mass is said in her honor.
The Order of Saint Barbara is a military honor society of the US for both the US Army and the US Marine Corps Artillery, including field artillery and Air Defense Artillery.
Saint Barbara is referenced in the song "Don't Let Me Explode" by the rock band The Hold Steady. Before performing the song at 2006's Lollapalooza music festival, lead singer Craig Finn told the story of Saint Barbara to the crowd of several thousand fans. He compared being a Christian in her time to having facial tattoos.
A painting similar to the van Eyck shown below is featured in Elizabeth George's "A Place of Hiding," but is attributed to a later Dutch painter, Pieter van Hooch.
The painting in the upper right corner of this page entitled "Saint Barbara in her tower" appears in science historian James Burke's book "Connections" at page 158 and is used to illustrate various scientific advances that had been made at the time depicted in the 1438 painting.
Saint Barbara became the patron saint of artillerymen. She is also traditionally the patron of armourers, gunsmiths, miners and anyone else who worked with cannon and explosives. She is invoked against thunder and lightning and all accidents arising from explosions of gunpowder. St. Barbara's Day, 4 December, may be celebrated by British (Royal Artillery) and Canadian (Royal Canadian Artillery) artillery formations, units and sub-units with church parades, sports days, guest nights, cocktail parties, open house, and other activities.
The first Spanish-language TV Novela filmed in the US and in full color, was the 1973 production of Santa Barbara, Virgen y Martir, filmed entirely on location in Hialeah, Florida. See also
Saint Barbara flees from her father, by Peter Paul Rubens (c. 1620)
The Holy Family with Saint Barbara and young Saint John, by Paolo Veronese (c. 1565)
Saint Barbara, by Jan van Eyck (c. 1437)
Traditional holy card design for Saint Barbara
A Greek Orthodox Church ikon of Saint Barbara.
Saint Barbara by Corrado Parducci

Revolutionary War
St. Clair was a member of the Pennsylvania Council of Censors in 1783, and was elected a delegate to the Continental Congress from November 2, 1785 until November 28, 1787. He was President of the Continental Congress when Shays' Rebellion took place. He was a candidate for Governor of Pennsylvania in 1790, but despite the support of notable citizens such as James Wilson, Robert Morris and Benjamin Rush, he was soundly defeated by Thomas Mifflin.

Northwest Territory

Klos, Stanley L. (2004). President Who? Forgotten Founders. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Evisum, Inc., 261. ISBN 0-9752627-5-0. 

The Celestial Omnibus and Other Stories is the title of a collection of short stories by E. M. Forster, first published in 1911. It contains stories written over the previous ten years, and together with the collection The Eternal Moment (1928) forms part of Forster's Collected Short Stories (1947).

Kelly Slater (b. Robert Kelly Slater February 11, 1972, Cocoa Beach, Florida) is the most successful professional surfer in the history of the sport.
Slater is an eight time world champion, and competed in the X-Games in 2003 and 2004. In May 2005 in the final of the Billabong Tahiti Pro contest at Teahupoo, Slater became the first to score two perfect rides for a total 20 out of 20 ASP two-wave scoring system (the corresponding honour under the previous three-wave system belongs to Shane Beschen from 1996).

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The Sixth Element movie
Quiksilver Pro (Gold Coast, Australia)
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Snickers Australian Open (QS)
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The Quiksilver in Memory of Eddie Aikau (Specialty-Hawaii)
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Baywatch telvision series, 10 episodes
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National team caps and goals correct as of 22 August 2007. * Appearances (Goals)
Gerardo Torrado Diez de Bonilla (born 30 April 1979 in Mexico City) is an international Mexican football player, currently playing as a defensive midfielder for Cruz Azul in the Primera División de México.

Tasmania, an Australian state, is located 200 kilometres (125 mi) south of the eastern side of the continent, being separated from it by Bass Strait. The state of Tasmania includes the island of Tasmania, and other surrounding islands. Tasmania has a population of 484,700 (March 2005, ABS) and an area of 68,332 square kilometres (26,383 sq mi).
The distance from the northernmost point (Woolnorth Pt) to the southernmost one (South East Cape) is 364 kilometres (226 miles), the distance from the westernmost (West Pt) to the easternmost one (Eddystone Pt) is 306 kilometres (190 miles).
Tasmania promotes itself as the Natural State and the "Island of Rejuvenation"
The state capital and largest city is Hobart, which encompasses the local government areas of City of Hobart, City of Glenorchy and City of Clarence. Other major population centres include Launceston in the north, and Devonport and Burnie in the northwest.
The subantarctic Macquarie Island is also under the administration of the state, as part of the Huon Valley Council local government area.

History
It is believed that the island was joined to the mainland until the end of the most recent ice age approximately 10,000 years ago.
Much of the island is composed of Jurassic dolerite, a basaltic intrusion of magma that upwelled through other rock types and formed large columnar crystals as it cooled. Tasmania has the world's largest areas of dolerite, with many distinctive mountains and cliffs formed from this rock type. The Central Plateau and the southeast portions of the island are mostly dolerite. Mt. Wellington above Hobart is a good example, with the Organ Pipes showing the distinct columns. In the southwest, Precambrian quartzites are formed from very ancient sea sediments and form strikingly sharp ridges and ranges, such as Federation Peak or Frenchman's Cap. In the northeast, granites can be seen at Freycinet. In the northwest and west, mineral rich volcanic rock can be seen at Mt. Read near Rosebery, or at Mt. Lyell near Queenstown. Also present in the south and northwest are limestones in which some magnificent caves can be found.
The quartzite and dolerite in the higher mountains show evidence of glaciation and much of Australia's glaciated landscape is found on the Central Plateau and the Southwest. The combination of these different rock types offers incredible scenery, much of it distinct from any other regions of the world.

Physical prehistory

Main article: Tasmanian Aborigines Indigenous people
The first reported sighting of Tasmania by a European was on November 24, 1642 by the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman who named the island Anthoonij van Diemenslandt, after his sponsor, the Governor of the Dutch East Indies. The name was later shortened to Van Diemens Land by the British. Captain James Cook also sighted the island in 1777, and numerous other European seafarers made landfalls, adding a colourful array to the names of topographical features.
The first settlement was by the British at Risdon Cove on the eastern bank of the Derwent estuary in 1803, by a small party sent from Sydney, under Lt. John Bowen for the purpose of preventing the French from claiming the island. An alternative settlement was established by Captain David Collins 5 km to the south in 1804 in Sullivan's Cove on the western side of the Derwent, where fresh water was more plentiful. The latter settlement became known as Hobart Town or Hobarton, later shortened to Hobart, after the British Colonial Secretary of the time, Lord Hobart. The settlement at Risdon was later abandoned.
The early settlers were mostly convicts and their military guards, with the task of developing agriculture and other industries. Numerous other convict-based settlements were made in Van Diemens Land, including secondary prisons, such as the particularly harsh penal colonies at Port Arthur in the southeast and Macquarie Harbour on the West Coast.
Van Diemen's Land was proclaimed a separate colony from New South Wales, with its own judicial establishment and Legislative Council, on December 3, 1825.

European arrival
Although the state is seldom in the world news, global attention has turned to Tasmania a few times. Tasmania was badly affected by the 1967 Tasmanian fires in which there was major loss of life and property. In the 1970s the state government announced plans to flood environmentally significant Lake Pedder. The collapse of the Tasman Bridge when struck by the bulk ore carrier MV Lake Illawarra in 1975 made crossing the River Derwent at Hobart almost impossible. National and international attention surrounded the No Dams campaign for the Franklin River in the early 1980s. This contributed to the start of the Green movement.
Tasmania has received a position in the top ten of several popular international tourism publications.
On April 28, 1996 in the incident now known as the Port Arthur Massacre, lone gunman Martin Bryant shot dead 35 people (including tourists and residents) and injured 37 others. The use of firearms was immediately reviewed, and new gun ownership laws were adopted nationwide, with Tasmania's law one of the strictest in the nation.
The Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race is an annual blue-water sailing event that attracts foreign media attention.
On May 14, 2004 the royal wedding of former Hobart woman Mary Donaldson to Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark, and their subsequent visit in 2005, again drew some international attention to the state.
In April 2006 the Beaconsfield Gold Mine created world media attention when a minor earthquake triggered a mine collapse that killed one person and trapped two others underground for fourteen days.

World attention

Main article: Geography of Tasmania Geography
See also: commons:Category:Climate diagrams of Tasmania
Tasmania is located at latitude 42° South, longitude 147° East, right in the pathway of the notorious "Roaring Forties" wind that encircles the globe. The Tasmanian climate is extremely variable with high fluctuations in temperature and wind speed during the average week.
Summer lasts from December to February when the average maximum temperature at sea level is 21 °C (70 °F). Winter is from June to August with an average maximum temperature at sea level of 12 °C (54 °F). Inland, temperatures are much cooler. Liawenee on the Central Plateau is regarded as the coldest place in Australia with temperatures even in February ranging only from a still-cold minimum of 4 °C (39 °F) to a delightful maximum of 17 °C (63 °F). In winter the Central Plateau ranges from around -2 °C (28 °F) to 3 °C (37 °F), with much, though very soft, snow.
Highest maximum temperature: 40.8 °C (105.4 °F), Hobart, 4 January 1976
Lowest minimum temperature: -13.0 °C (8.6 °F), Butlers Gorge and Shannon, 30 June 1983
Rainfall in Tasmania follows a complicated pattern rather analogous to that found on large continents at the same latitude in the northern hemisphere. On the western side rainfall incrases from around 1,600mm (64 inches) at Strahan on the coast up to 2,700mm (110 inches) at cradle Valley in the highlands. There is a strong winter maximum in rainfall: January and February typically averages between 30 and 40 percent the rainfall of July and August, though even in the driest months rain usually falls on every second day and the number of rainy days per year is much greater than on any part of the Australian mainland. Further east in the Lake Country, annual rainfall declines to around 900mm (35 inches), whilst in the Midlands, annual rainfall is as low as 450mm (18 inches) at Ross and generally below 600mm (24 inches). Here the rainfall is more evenly distributed than in the west, and most months receive very similar averages.
The densely populated northern coast is a much drier version of the western side, with annual rainfall ranging from 710mm (28 inches) at Launceston to 1,050mm (42 inches) at Burnie in the west and Scottsdale in the east. Most rain falls in winter and in summer the average can be as low as 35mm (1.5 inches) per month in the Lower Tamar. The east coast is wetter than the Midlands, with an average annual rainfall ranging from 1,000mm (40 inches) at St. Helens to around 640mm at Swansea. Herre the rainfall is evenly distributed over the year but can be very erratic as heavy rainfalls from the warm Tasman Sea are quite frequent. Whereas a three-day fall of 125mm (5 inches) occurs only once every fifty years the north coast, it occurs on average once every four or five years around Swansea and Bicheno, and on 7-8 June 1954 there were many falls as large as 230mm (9 inches) in two days in that area. The east coast is sometime called the "sun coast" because of its sunny climate due to the rain shadow of the prevailing westerly winds.
Tasmania's reputation in Australia for having high rainfall, however, differs from the true situation: several sections of inland Tasmania, together with Flinders Island, were declared drought-affected areas by the state government on 1 May 2007.

Soils
All these factors contribute to the extremely diverse Tasmanian vegetation, from the heavily grazed grassland of the dry Midlands to the tall evergreen eucalypt forest, alpine heathlands and large areas of cool temperate rainforests and moorlands in the rest fo the State. Many flora species are unique to Tasmania, and some are related to species in South America and New Zealand through ancestors which grew on the super continent of Gondwana, 50 million years ago.

Vegetation

Main article: Government of Tasmania Government
Tasmania has a number of relatively unspoilt, ecologically valuable regions. Proposals for local economic development have therefore been faced with strong requirements for environmental sensitivity, or outright opposition. In particular, proposals for hydroelectric power generation proved controversial in the late 20th century. In the 1970s, opposition to the construction of the Lake Pedder impoundment led to the formation of the world's first green party, the United Tasmania Group. In the early 1980s the state was again plunged into often bitter debate over the proposed Franklin River Dam. The anti-dam sentiment was shared by many Australians outside Tasmania, and proved a factor in the election of the Hawke Labor government in 1983, which halted construction of the dam. Since the 1980s the environmental focus has shifted to old growth logging, which has proved a highly divisive issue. The Tasmania Together process recommended an end to clear felling in high conservation old growth forests by January 2003.
Tasmanian politics is often characterised as being overly concerned with personality and parochialism. These factors may be due to the relative smallness of the Tasmanian electorate, as well as historical claims of Launceston being the "northern capital". From 1803 until the proclamation of Van Diemen's Land in 1823, the island had been split into two dependencies of New South Wales, with Hobart and Launceston the administrative centres.
In the Commonwealth Parliament, Tasmania is well represented in the Senate, where seats are not proportional to population. Between 1975 and 2005, Tasmanian independent senator Brian Harradine often held the balance of power. As a result he was able to gain the passage of legislation that, although often matching his conservative religious views, was also very financially rewarding for the state. Harradine successfully defended his seat in six consecutive senate elections and did not stand for re-election at the 2004 federal election. His term ended in June 2005.
Tasmania's House of Assembly and local government elections use a system of multi-seat proportional representation known as Hare-Clark.
In the 2002 state election, the Labor Party held 14 of the 25 available seats. The Liberal Party saw their percentage of the vote decrease dramatically, claiming only 7 seats. The Greens won four seats, with over 18% of the vote, the highest proportion of any Green party in any parliament in the world.
On 23 February 2004, the Premier Jim Bacon announced his retirement, due to being diagnosed with lung cancer from smoking. In his last months he opened a vigorous anti-smoking campaign which included many restrictions of where individuals could smoke, such as pubs. He died four months later.
Bacon was succeeded by Paul Lennon, who, after leading the state for two years, went on to win the 2006 state election in his own right.

List of Governors of Tasmania
List of Premiers of Tasmania
Local Government Areas of Tasmania Politics
Tasmania's erratic economy was first experienced by colonists in the early 1800s. The reasons have been many and varied over the years. More recently the reasons have been attributed to: lack of federal infrastructure highway, lack of a gold rush, lack of open immigration initiatives, lack of population, decline in the wool and mineral economies, lack of early colonial initiatives, or lack of foreign investment. For the length of the history of Tasmania there has been a continuing exodus of youth to mainland Australia in order to seek employment opportunities.
Traditionally Tasmania's main industries have been: mining, including copper, zinc, tin, and iron; agriculture; forestry; and tourism. Significantly in the 1940s and 1950s there had been a notion of 'Hydro-Industrialisation' embodied in the state by Hydro Tasmania. These all have had varying fortunes over the last century and more, involved in ebbs and flows of population moving in and away dependent upon the specific requirements of the dominant industries of the time.
There had been a decline in manufacturing during the 1990s, leading to a drain of some of the island's trained and experienced working population to mainland Australia. The major urban centres such as Melbourne and Sydney are popular destinations.
The state has a large number of food exporting sectors, including but not limited to seafood (for example, Atlantic salmon, abalone and crayfish). and overseas migration. A shortage of rental accommodation has caused problems for many of Tasmania's low income earners.
Small business is a large part of the community life and it is believed by many that the business environment in Tasmania is not an easy one to survive in. However there have been many success stories, such as International Catamarans, Moorilla Estate and Tassal.

Economy
The fastest and cheapest method of travel across Bass Strait is by air. The main carriers are Qantas and its subsidiary JetStar, and Virgin Blue, which fly direct routes to Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, and Adelaide. Major airports include Hobart International Airport and Launceston Airport; the smaller airports, Burnie (Wynyard) and Devonport, are serviced by Regional Express, which generally fly only to Melbourne and the Bass Strait islands.
The domestic sea route is serviced by Bass Strait passenger/vehicle ferries operated by the Tasmanian Government-owned TT-Line (Tasmania). From 1986 the Abel Tasman made six weekly overnight crossings between Devonport and Melbourne. It was replaced by the Spirit of Tasmania in 1993, which performed the same route and schedule. The most recent change was the 2002 replacement of the Spirit by two Superfast ferries - Spirit of Tasmania I and Spirit of Tasmania II — which brought the number of weekly overnight crossings up to fourteen, plus additional daylight crossings in peak times. In January 2004 a third ship, the slightly smaller Spirit of Tasmania III, started the Devonport to Sydney route. This service was axed by the Tasmanian Government in June 2006 quoting low passenger numbers. Two container ships owned by Toll Shipping also make daily crossings between Burnie and Melbourne. The port of Hobart also serves as a host to visiting cruise ships and before the September 11, 2001 attacks was a regular port of call for United States Navy ships returning home from the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf.
The state is also home to International Catamarans, a manufacturer of very high-speed aluminium vessels (commonly known as SeaCat) that regularly broke records when they were first launched. The state Government tried using them on the Bass Strait run, but eventually the decision was made to discontinue the run due to concerns over viability and the suitability of the vessels for the extreme weather conditions sometimes experienced in Bass Strait.
Tasmania, Hobart in particular, serves as Australia's chief sea link to Antarctica, with the Australian Antarctic Division located in Kingston. Hobart is also the home port of the French ship l'Astrolabe which makes regular supply runs to the French Southern Territories near and in Antarctica.
Hobart also has the second deepest natural port in the world, second to only Rio de Janeiro in Brazil.
Within the state, the primary form of transport is by road. Since the 1980s, many of the state's highways have undergone regular upgrades. These include the Hobart Southern Outlet, Launceston Southern Outlet, Bass Highway reconstruction, and the Huon Highway.
Rail transport in Tasmania consists of narrow gauge lines to all four major population centres and to mining and forestry operations on the west coast and in the northwest. Services are operated by TasRail, a Pacific National subsidiary. Regular passenger train services in the state ceased in 1977; the only trains are for freight, and there are tourist trains in specific areas, for example the West Coast Wilderness Railway. In 2005 there were concerns that the rail service was in so much trouble that it might stop for everything but cement haulage.

Transport

Culture
During colonial times typical English cuisine would have been standard in most areas of Tasmania. The arrival of immigrants and changing cultural patterns has meant Tasmania now has a wide range of restaurants. Scattered across Tasmania are a number of vineyards and Tasmanian beer brands such as Boags and Cascade are known and sold on the mainland. King Island off the north-western coast of Tasmania has a reputation for boutique cheeses and dairy products.

Cuisine
In order to foster tourism, the state government encourages or supports several different annual events in and around the island. The best known of these would be the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race, starting on Boxing Day in Sydney and usually arriving at Constitution Dock in Hobart around three to four days later, during the Taste of Tasmania an annual food and wine festival.
Other events include the road rally Targa Tasmania which attracts world-class rally drivers and is staged all over the state, over five days. Rural or regional events include Agfest is a three-day agricultural show held at Carrick (just west of Launceston) in early May, and the Royal Hobart Show and Royal Launceston Show, both held in October of each year. Music events held in Tasmania include the Falls Festival at Marion Bay (a Victoria event now held in both Victoria and Tasmania on New Year's Eve), and the Southern Roots Festival held in Hobart each Easter. A recent addition to the state has been the 10 Days on the Island arts festival; however, it has drawn criticism from environmental groups for its acceptance of sponsorship from forestry company Gunns.

List of Events in Tasmania Events

Main article: Tasmanian Literature Literature
There is, in Tasmania, a varied musical scene, ranging from the Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra whose home is the Federation Concert Hall, to a substantial number of small bands, orchestras, string quintets, saxophone ensembles and individual artists who perform at a variety of venues around the state. Tasmania is also home to a vibrant community of composers including Constantine Koukias, Maria Grenfell and Don Kay, who is the patron of the Tasmanian Composers Collective which is the representative body for composers in Tasmania. Tasmania even has it's own gospel choir, with the Southern Gospel Choir. The Southern Gospel Choir performs regularly and is comprised of students that study at the Conservatorium of Music, which is at the Hobart campus of the University of Tasmania, and people with good voices who simply wish to join. Death Metal band Psycroptic hail from Tasmania and are one of the most prominent Australian metal bands. Apart from the Classical musical season and regular gigs across the state by a number of local and interstate groups two of the highlights of the musical year would be the Falls Festival held during the summer holidays and the Carols by Candlelight held in the weeks prior to Christmas.

Music

Main article: Sport in Tasmania Sport
Tasmania has produced a number of significant people. These include: the actor Errol Flynn, Baywatch actor Jaason Simmons, Dancer and Choreographer Graeme Murphy, Composer Peter Sculthorpe, Crown Princess Mary of Denmark (Mary Donaldson), World Champion Woodchopper David Foster, Australian cricket personalities Ricky Ponting and David Boon Motor Racing Australian Touring car/V8 Supercar John Bowe (1995 champion) Marcos Ambrose (2003-4 champion) Marcos now races in the NASCAR Busch Series.

List of Prominent Tasmanians Prominent Tasmanians

Indigenous animals
The island of Tasmania was home to the Thylacine, a marsupial which resembled a wild dog. Known colloquially as the Tasmanian Tiger for the distinctive striping across its back, it became extinct in mainland Australia much earlier because of competition by the dingo, introduced in prehistoric times. Owing to persecution by farmers, government-funded bounty hunters and, in the final years, collectors for overseas museums, it also appears to have been exterminated in Tasmania. The last known animal died in captivity in 1936. Many alleged sightings have been recorded, none of them confirmed.

Thylacine
The Tasmanian Devil is a carnivorous marsupial found exclusively on the island of Tasmania. The size of a small dog but stocky and muscular, the Tasmanian Devil is characterised by its black fur with white patches. It has a loud and disturbing screech-like growl, possesses a vicious temperament and is predominantly a scavenger. The Devil survived European settlement and was considered widespread and common throughout Tasmania until recently.
Like a lot of the wildlife, fast vehicles on the roads are a problem for Tasmanian Devils, which are often killed while feeding on other road-killed animals such as wallabies.
As of 2005 the Tasmanian Devil population has been reduced by up to 80% in parts of Tasmania by the devil facial tumour disease, which is gradually spreading throughout the island. It is believed the majority have starved when the tumours have spread to their mouths and that the tumours are spread by fighting between devils over carcasses they feed on – typically, fighting devils will bite one another's faces. There is no known cure for the disease, and intensive research is underway to determine its cause. There is also a captive breeding program being undertaken by the Tasmanian government to establish a disease-free, genetically-diverse population of Tasmanian Devils outside Tasmania.

Tasmanian Devil
Many birds of the Australian mainland and surrounding oceans are also found in Tasmania. Tasmania has 12 endemic bird species:
The endemic Tasmanian Emu was exterminated in the mid-1800s. The Tasmanian Wedge-tailed Eagle is a threatened endemic subspecies.

4 honeyeaters (family Meliphagidae) - the Yellow Wattlebird (world's largest honeyeater) and the Yellow-throated, Black-headed and Strong-billed Honeyeaters
3 Australo-Papuan warblers (family Acanthizidae) - the Tasmanian Thornbill, the Scrubtit and the Tasmanian Scrubwren
1 pardalote (family Pardalotidae) - the endangered Forty-spotted Pardalote
1 old-world flycatcher (family Muscicapidae) - the Dusky Robin
1 corvid (family Artamidae) - the Black Currawong
1 parrot (family Psittacidae) - the Green Rosella
1 rail (family Rallidae) - the Tasmanian Native-hen, Australia's only flightless land bird other than the giant ratites (Emu and Southern Cassowary). Birds
Tasmania is home to 11 species of frogs. Three of these are only found in Tasmania, the Tasmanian Tree Frog (Litoria burrowsae), the Tasmanian Froglet (Crinia tasmaniensis) and the only recently discovered Moss Froglet (Bryobatrachus nimbus). Of the 11 species that inhabit Tasmania all are native to Australia. Tasmania is home to the largest breeding population of Growling Grass Frogs (Litoria raniformis), a vulnerable species, which has declined over much of its range.

Frogs
See also Geography of Tasmania.
View of Hobart foreshore with Mt Wellington in the background
Dove Lake and Cradle Mountain, Central Tasmanian Highlands
Bay of Fires, East Coast of Tasmania
A small island just off the shore of Bruny Island, South East of Tasmania
Honeymoon Bay, Freycinet National Park, East Coast of Tasmania
Tessellated pavement, a rare rock formation on the Tasman Peninsula.
Islands:
Lakes:
Significant bridges:
Beaches:
Main highways:
Rivers:
Mountains:
Regions:
See also: List of Australian islands, lakes, bridges, highways, rivers, mountains and regions.

Boundary Islet
Bruny Island
Cape Barren Island
Flinders Island
King Island
Maatsuyker Islands
Schouten Island
Maria Island
Macquarie Island
Great Lake
Lake Gordon
Lake Pedder
Lake St Clair
Lake Burbury
Lake Margaret
Bowen Bridge
Batman Bridge
Bridgewater Bridge
Ross Bridge
Richmond Bridge
Sorell Causeway
Tasman Bridge
Bakers Beach
Bellerive Beach
Boat Harbour
Bay of Fires, Binalong Bay Beach
Coles Bay
Howrah Beach
Ocean Beach
Sisters Beach
Wine Glass Bay
Arthur Highway
Bass Highway
Brooker Highway
East Tamar Highway
Esk Highway
Lake Highway
Lyell Highway
Midland Highway
Murchison Highway
Tasman Highway
West Tamar Highway
Zeehan Highway
Arthur River
Derwent River
Franklin River
Gordon River
Henty River
Huon River
King River
Leven River
Meander River
Mersey River
North Esk River
Pieman River
Picton River
Queen River
Savage River
South Esk River
Styx River
Tamar River
Ben Lomond
Cradle Mountain
Federation Peak
Mount Field
Frenchmans Cap
Great Western Tiers
Mount Ossa
Mount Wellington
West Coast Range
Huon Valley
Central Highlands
Derwent Valley
East Coast
Freycinet Peninsula
Midlands
North-West Coast
South West Wilderness
Tamar Valley
Tasman Peninsula
West Coast of Tasmania See also